Eroticism and Mortality in Shakespeares Sonnet 73 Essay -- Sonnet ess

Sensuality and Mortality in Shakespeare's Sonnet #73 William Shakespeare's poem cycle is popular with its rich figurative style.â The profundity of each work originates from its multilayered implications and pictures, which are fortified by its structure, sound, and rhythm.â Sonnet #73 gives an astounding example.â This piece shows the speaker's anguish over human mortality and, in addition, his/her method of adapting to it in a compelling way.â The speaker, particularly as far as his comprehension of time, encounters sensational changes in two different ways: (1) from time estimated by amount to time as quality,â (2) from repeating time to a straight one.â These changes, showed by a lot of pictures (harvest time, dusk, sparkling), empower him/her to grasp his/her mortality as a fundamental component of a human being.â This twofold structure of the poem accomplishes its wealth by its sub-level symbolism dependent on suggestion, which has been one of the most well-known solutions for the certainty of one's own demise all t hrough mankind's history. An unmistakable complexity exists between the initial two quatrains and the third quatrain regarding the speaker's comprehension of time.â In the first and second quatrain, the speaker sees time as aâ quantitative entity.â That a great time, in the primary quatrain, isn't called 'harvest time' however depicted as yellow leaves, or none, or few(1-2).â This quantifiable picture presents time as though it very well may be removed one by one.â It suggests that demise would come as the drop of the last leaf of a tree.â Furthermore, the way toward getting old and passing on occurs in a vicious way.â Time appears to detach one's life which endeavors to stick to the branches which shake against the chilly,/Bare destroyed choirs(3).â The virus wind, which stri... ...As indicated by him, demise implies one's brokenness, yet through regenerative exercises, one can acquire the congruity of his being.â (Georges Bataille.â Death and Sensuality: A Study of Eroticism and the Taboo.â Walkner and Company: New Yor, 1962.â Originally printed with an alternate title, L,Erotisme, in 1957.) Works Cited and Consulted Corner, Stephen, ed. Shakespeare's Sonnets. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977. Duncan-Jones, Katherine, ed. Shakespeare's Sonnets. London: Arden Shakespeare. Georges Bataille. Passing and Sensuality: A Study of Eroticism and the Taboo. Walkner and Company: New York, 1962. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English third ed. Longman: Essex, England: Longman Group Ltd. 1995 Shakespeare, William. Piece 73. The Complete Works of Shakespeare. Ed. David Bevington. third. ed. Glenview, IL: Scott Foresman, 1980.

Sales Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Deals - Case Study Example Comparative is the situation at Shields where another director driving a business group that is confronting issues in tolerating company’s new deals strategy (which is in accordance with that of its fundamental rival) that is to produce deals through enormous records instead of a few little ones as done before. Continuation with a similar strategy of actualizing the new approach over the business group may bring about more droops in deals quantity and expanded drop outs that would bring about blunder of the current records henceforth further decrease in deal level. Synopsis of the Facts Shield is an Insurance organization that gives redid protection and hazard the board projects to all measure of business endeavors. Shield is an outcome arranged organization. Their principle objective is benefit amplification through expanded deals income. Following the strides of its significant rival the higher administration chose to execute another business procedure to be specific First-P lus to expand incomes by acquiring bigger records. Preparing of new chiefs done in hypothetical way through manuals in just 5 days time frame. Preparing including significantly of presenting First-Plus another approach for deals as opposed to how to deal with a business group successfully just as effectively.

How to Cite Hamilton An American Musical

How to Cite Hamilton An American Musical (6) Hamilton: An American Musical is one of the most popular and critically-acclaimed Broadway shows ever, earning $3.3 million in one week in 2016. So what do you do if you want to cite a show like Hamilton in your research paper? This guide can help! How you experienced Hamilton will affect the formatting of your citation. For example, if you saw the show in person, your citation will be different than if you read the play or listened to the soundtrack. Let’s take a more in-depth look at some of the most frequently used formatting options. Please note that these examples are not comprehensive, and you should always check with your teacher if you have any questions about how to make your citations. To cite a play or musical properly, identify as many of the following pieces of information as possible or applicable to your citation: Playwright Name(s) of the main performer (s) Play Title (in quotes) Publication Title (italicized) Editor Publisher Record Label/Studio Publication Year Publication City Page Number (p.) or Page Numbers (pp.) A. How to cite Hamilton from a publication: MLA Format (8th edition) Use the following structure to cite a published play in MLA format: Playwright last name, First name. “Play Title.” Publication Title, edited by Editor First and Last name, Publication Year, Page numbers. Here’s how the above example looks in MLA format: Miranda, Lin-Manuel. “Hamilton: An American Musical.” Hamilton: The Revolution, edited by Jeremy McCarter, Grand Central Publishing, 2016, pp. 23-26. APA Format Use the following structure to cite a published play in APA format: Playwright last name, First initial. (Year published). Play title. In Editor first initial. Last name (Ed.), Publication Title (Page numbers). Publication City: Publisher. Here’s how the above example looks as an APA citation: Miranda, L. (2016). Hamilton: an American musical. In J. McCarter (Ed.), Hamilton: the revolution (pp. 23-26). New York: Grand Central Publishing. Chicago Format Use the following structure to cite a published play in Chicago format: Playwright Last name, First name. “Play Title.” In Publication Title. Edited by Editor Name. Publication City: Publisher, Publication date. Here’s how the above example looks in Chicago format: Miranda, Lin-Manuel. “Hamilton: An American Musical.” In Hamilton: The Revolution. Edited by Jeremy McCarter. New York: Grand Central Publishing, 2016. B. How to cite Hamilton as a live performance: MLA Format (8th edition) Use the following structure to cite a live performance in MLA format: Performance Title. By Playwright First Name Last Name, directed by Director First Name Last Name, Date Seen, Theatre, City, State. Performance. Here’s how the above example looks in MLA format: Hamilton: An American Musical. By Lin-Manuel Miranda, directed by Thomas Kail, 21 Apr. 2016, Richard Rodgers Theatre, New York, NY. Performance. APA Format Use the following structure to cite a live performance in APA format: Playwright Last Name, First Initial (Writer), Director Last Name, First Initial (Director). (Date Seen). Performance title. Live performance at Theater Name, City, State. Here’s how the above example looks in APA format: Miranda, L. (Writer), Kail, T. (Director). (2016, April 21). Hamilton: an American musical. Live performance at the Richard Rodgers Theatre, New York, NY. Chicago Format Use the following structure to cite a live performance in Chicago format: As live performances cannot be referenced directly by the reader, only a reference within the text and a supporting footnote is sufficient in Chicago style. You do not need an entry in the bibliography. Here is an example of a reference within the text and a footnote for Hamilton: In a performance of Lin-Manuel Miranda’s Hamilton at the Richard Rodgers Theatre in New York… Hamilton: An American Musical, music and lyrics by Lin-Manuel Miranda, dir. Thomas Kail, Richard Rodgers Theatre, New York, NY, February 2, 2016. C. How to cite the Hamilton soundtrack: MLA Format (8th Edition) Use the following structure to cite a soundtrack in MLA format: Soundtrack Title. Performers’ Names. Record Label/Studio, Year Released. Here’s how the above example looks in MLA format: Hamilton: An America Musical. Performances by Lin-Manuel Miranda, Leslie Odom Jr., Phillipa Soo, and Jonathan Groff. Atlantic Records, 2015. APA Format Use the following structure to cite a soundtrack in APA format: Performer Last Name, First Initial. (Year Released). Soundtrack title [Format of recording]. City where recorded: Record Label/Studio. Here is how the above example looks in APA format: Miranda, L. (2015). Hamilton: an American Musical [MP3]. New York: Atlantic Records.   Chicago Format Use the following structure to cite a soundtrack in Chicago format: Performer Last Name, Performer First Name. Soundtrack Title. Record Label, Year Released, Format of Recording. Here is how the above example looks in Chicago format: Miranda, Lin Manuel. Hamilton: An American Musical. Atlantic Records, 2015, MP3.

The Decameron by Giovanni Boccaccio - 1638 Words

In the book, The Decameron, by Giovanni Boccaccio, there is many tales but I am only going to speak of two.The first tale, Fabricio Goes to Naples, was told by Fiammetta. Fiammetta’s story differs from the rest of the stories by, his has many dangers that occur in one night rather than over a period of years. The second tale, Bernardo di Rossini and His Wife, was told by Dioneo. This story was different than the others by, it was a comedy story, showing to laugh over bad things than over virtuous deeds. In, Fabricio Goes to Naples, a man from Perugia, by the name of Fabricio, sold horses. When Fabricio heard that Naples sold horses at a cheap price, he set out with a purse full of money and some merchants, hoping to receive a good deal. Sadly, he couldnt find a good deal. Even to show he meant business, he foolishly opened his purse to display all of his money. A sicilian lady saw how much money he had and thought, â€Å"Who would make better use of that money than me?† The sicilian lady was with an older sicilian woman, whom knew Fabricio. When the older woman saw Fabricio she greeted him affectionately. Fabricio recognized the woman for she had lived with Fabricio’s father. When the two ladies got back home, the younger lady carefully questioned the older one about Fabricio, in order to find a way to get all of his money. By the time the lady felt she was informed well enough, she knew nearly everything about him, including his family. The younger lady then started to playShow MoreRelated The Decameron by Giovanni Boccaccio2310 Words   |  10 Pagesâ€Å"You are to look upon this grim opening as travelers on foot confront a steep, rugged mountain: beyond it lies a most enchanting plain which they appreciate all the more for having toiled up and down the mountain first,† (Boccaccio, pg. 7). The Decameron, by Giovanni Boccaccio embodies this verse. Until this time period, religion guided society like an invisible hand pushing everyone along. Throughout many generation religion evolved. From polytheism to monotheism, form idols to churches, peopleRead MoreBiography Of Giovanni Boccaccio s Magnum Opus The Decameron 2435 Words   |  10 Pagesplace to place, and so, calamitously, had spread abroad into the Westâ€Å". These are the lines from Giovanni Boccaccio s magnum opus The Decameron , which consists of various tales narrated by seven young women and three young men seeking refuge in a secluded villa outside Florence to escape from one of the greatest catastrophies in human history. The Black Death . Miniature of the Decameron by Taddeo Crivelli from Ferrara (1467) INTRODUCTION: The most memorable example of what hasRead MoreEurope and the Black Death Essay1541 Words   |  7 PagesBlack Death by letters, poems, or even stories. The Decameron, by Giovanni Boccaccio, is a fictional medieval allegory. Within this frame narrative, 100 fictional tales were told by among the characters, describing the life in Italy the same years as the bubonic plague. In the text, Boccaccio depicts a story about ten wealthy Italians fleeing to the countryside after news of this mysterious deadly disease. Through interpretations of the story, Boccaccio gives insight about the Black Death’s effects, believedRead MoreEuropes Response to the Black Death Essay1296 Words   |  6 Pageschose this route, embracing the good side of humanity. While others where lashing out and living recklessly, some chose to take a more reasonable response. Giovanni Boccaccio provides a first hand account of the occurrences surrounding the black plague in the introduction to his stories in From the Decameron. In Giovanni Boccaccio’s From the Decameron: The Plague Hits Florence he depicts one of the more positive responses to the pandemic: Many other people steered a middle course between these two extremesRead MoreAnalysis of Giovanni Boccaccios The Decameron670 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Reaction paper: The Decameron by Giovanni Boccaccio The Decameron by Giovanni Boccaccio is not a singular, enclosed text but rather a series of texts that unfold as a result of a frame tale. The Decameron is set during the plague in Italy, and at the beginning of the story, various people have fled the city and are hiding away in the countryside. They tell tales to pass the time and to amuse themselves and these tales make up The Decameron. The conceit is very similar to that of The CanterburyRead MoreAnalysis Of Boccaccio s The Decameron 1345 Words   |  6 Pages Throughout the various novelle of the Decameron there lies a rather conflicting role of women in relation to the society that Boccaccio s Decameron was set in. From novella to novella the theme of women s gender role fluctuates between misogynistic to feminist. It can be argued that Boccaccio was a feminist ahead of his time or that he shared the traditional views towards women of 14th century Italy. Overall, it is fair to say that Boccaccio does depict women as transcending men in many respectsRead MoreComparison Between Boccaccio s The Decameron 1296 Words   |  6 PagesIn the community that Giovanni Boccaccio’s The Decameron is set in, females are held at a lower social ranking than males. As with most communities up till relatively recently in the past, women were not permitted to have a significant role in the community, other than that of a wife and matriarch. In The Decameron, Boccaccio shows that while they may not have notable social ranking, females do have an a dvantage in most aspects of the male-female relationship. Even though the tales deal with a rangeRead MoreEssay on Comparing Cantebury Tales and The Decameron807 Words   |  4 PagesComparing Cantebury Tales and The Decameron There are many different roles for women shown in â€Å"The Canterbury Tales† and â€Å"The Decameron†. Both books take place around the same time frame, 1300AD. â€Å"The Canterbury Tales†, takes place in London, England and â€Å"The Decameron† takes place in Florence, Italy. It would be just to think that since both books take place in a western civilization, both books would reflect the same morals and daily life styles. This is not the case at all. Throughout thisRead MoreThe Decameron: Misogynist or Feminist?2135 Words   |  9 PagesThe Decameron: A Feminist or Misogynist text? Giovanni Boccaccio is one of the leading Italian writers in the 1300s and has been considered as the father of Italian writing style through his composition of one hundred novelle. The Decameron continuously pictures women not as the objects of discussion but as the active producers and interpreters of their actions. Women are portrayed as they are or as they should be; they are shown to be as aggressive as men are while at the same time they can beRead More The Decameron Essay1759 Words   |  8 PagesThe Decameron BOCCACCIO, GIOVANNI Born in 1313, Giovanni Boccaccio is one of the greatest figures in Italian Literature. He was born in Paris, France by a French woman who remains unknown, but on many occasion he speaks very highly of her. His father is an Italian; they are part of the middle class. As for their professional status, they were Merchants / Bankers. Although, Bocaccio was born out of wedlock, his father legitimized him and took him to his house, provided him with

U.S. Government Essay - 1155 Words

1. Describe how the U.S. Constitution was formed. Use historical dates and references in your answer. The Constitution was completed and adopted in Philadelphia on September 17, 1987. One of its main functions was to ensure the thirteen states became worked as one rather than following separate laws. Before the Constitution there was a weaker government that encompassed many problems and holes that needed ratification. This lead to a convention in order to create a stronger central government that would fix the issues the current government was facing. This convention lead to the birth of the U.S. Constitution, which was and still is considered the supreme law. The Constitutional Convention was held at the State House in Philadelphia†¦show more content†¦The President must enforce laws, appoint the Cabinet members and those who are the heads of government agencies. â€Å"The legislative branch is the law making branch of government made up of the Senate, the House of Representatives, and agencies that support Congress.† (USA.gov) The job of this branch is to write the bills. If a bill does not pass in Congress it will not go to the President. The Legislative Branch is made of 535 people, 100 of whom are senators and 435 are representative. Where the Senators will serve six years and the representatives will only serve two. â€Å"The judicial branch is made up of the Supreme Court, Lower Courts, Special Courts, and court support organizations.† (USA.gov) This branch is headed by the Supreme Court, the highest court, and only intervenes on issues of national importance. They also handle any questions that arise in the lower courts that concern the law. The Supreme Court interprets laws passed by Congress and is made up of the chief justice along with eight associate justices who are appointed by the President and than approved by Senate. A justice can serve in their position for life unless they retire. Although the U.S. follows the federal system there are three major types of government, Unitary, Federal, and Confederation. Confederations are less common however the type of government that will work best depends upon the country itself and what it needs. With a Unitary system the majority of the power lies within theShow MoreRelatedU.s. And Ireland Government Essay1782 Words   |  8 PagesU.S. and Ireland Government   Ã‚  Ã‚   The overall organization of the U.S. and Irish government has a lot of similarities but also has its differences. Ireland is known to be a parliamentary democracy and has 3 branches of government, which are the Executive, Legislature and Judiciary branch. The United States is similar in the way that they also have three branches of government which are the Executive, Legislative and Judicial branch and has a democracy. The constitution was the foundation for the URead MoreU.s. Government s Government1202 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout history, the united states government had a good reputation with their people, but lately it has been fading away. The united states government has not live up to their reputation and trust with their citizens due to recent events. Now, the government feels like it has become more corrupt, and unfair towards their citizens. Many American citizens do not trust their government because of what the government stands for. 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This affects all the citizens that log in, and post updates on a daily basis, when in actuality a piece of their privacy is being sent to the United States Government. The US government has a very powerful and watchful eye, within the borders of the nation and the rest of the world. Privacy issues are no obstacle for Big Brother (U.S. Govt.). PrivacyRead MoreGlobalization And U.s. Government2114 Words   |  9 PagesGlobalization and U.S. Government Globalization is a new term to describe social, cultural, and economic process. It is a process that describes the interaction between different social groups. Tomas L. Freidman (2005), an American journalist, columnist and author, he wrote a book called â€Å"The world is Flat†. In the article, he notices that there are three period of globalization. He named the first period of globalization the globalization 1 which lasted from 1942. In the globalization 1, only countriesRead MoreApple Inc. Vs. U.s. 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Substance Abuse Driving Under the Influence Free Essays

string(285) " with the National Association for Drug Court Professionals \(NADCP\) and the National Commission Against Drunk Driving \(NCADD\), the American Council on Alcoholism Program \(ACAP\) seeks to promote and establish courts that focus on alcoholism treatment for drunk driving offenders\." According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), 16,694 people died in 2004 in alcohol and drug related traffic collisions, representing 40% of all traffic related deaths in the United States. (â€Å"2004 Traffic Safety†¦ † 2005) In addition about half of the one million people injured in road accidents were also due to driving under the influence (DUI). These are startling statistics, which underscore the enormity of the problem posed by the vast number of people who drive while intoxicated. We will write a custom essay sample on Substance Abuse: Driving Under the Influence or any similar topic only for you Order Now Another point of concern regarding drunk driving or DUI is that repeat or hardcore offenders are the cause of a large proportion of traffic accidents with one out of eight intoxicated drivers in fatal crashes having had a prior DUI/DWI conviction within the past three years. (Pena, 2005) As a result, a number of programs have sprung up around the country seeking to rehabilitate the repeat DUI offenders through education, counseling, and treatment. The laws against DUI and rehab programs have resulted in a gradual but steady decline in fatalities from drunk driving since the 1980s. In this essay, I shall focus on such programs that seek to address the problem of DUI, particularly programs for the chronic and repeat offenders. The laws and penalties against driving while intoxicated have been made stricter in the US since the 1970s. The drinking age has also been uniformly raised to 21 years, while it was 18 in several states prior to the 1980s. 1 Currently, driving while intoxicated (DWI) or driving under the influence (DUI) is a criminal offense in most jurisdictions within the United States. The punishment for DUI includes jail terms, monetary fines, mandatory DUI programs, and confiscation of driver’s license for repeated offenders. Some states even treat DUI as a felony under certain circumstances such as the presence of a very high blood alcohol content (BAC), the severity of the accident caused by the drunk driver, or in cases where the driver is a repeat offender. (â€Å"Drunk Driving-United States† 2005) In case of alcohol consumption, most states laws have designated the legal limit of blood alcohol content (BAC) for drunk driving at 0. 08 (i. e. , 80 mg of alcohol in 100 ml of blood). In cases of driving under the influence of prescription medication or illicit drugs there is no â€Å"per se† or legal limit. Instead, in cases of driving under the influence of drugs other than alcohol, the key factor is whether the driver’s faculties were impaired by the substance that was consumed. Due to this reason, the detection and successful prosecution of drivers impaired by prescription medication or illegal drugs is difficult. Besides performing a chemical test (blood, urine, or breath analysis) in order to determine the BAC of the offender, a law enforcing officer may also administer a Field Sobriety Test (FST) on a suspect driver. There are certain standardized FSTs such as the â€Å"Walk and Turn† test, the â€Å"One-leg Stand† and â€Å"Horizontal Gaze Test,† which can reliably determine the level of impairment of an intoxicated driver. (Ibid. ) The Transportation Equity Act (TEA-21) enacted in 1998 encourages States to enact Repeat Intoxicated Driver laws providing for minimum penalty for repeat offenders such as: a)Suspension of driver’s license for not less than one year b)Impoundment, immobilization, or installation of ignition interlock system on vehicles )An assessment of the individual’s degree of abuse of alcohol and treatment as appropriate d)Not less than 30 days community service or 5 days of imprisonment for 2nd offense and not less than 60 days community service or 10 days of imprisonment for 3rd and subsequent offense. (â€Å"Minimum Penalties for Repeat offenders† n. d. ) As mentioned in the introduction, there are a number of DUI programs in the United States that seek to control the menace of drunk driving through education, counseling and treatment of the offenders. Some of these programs are described below: California’s Driving Under the Influence (DUI) Program: California was among the first states in the US (along with New York) to introduce laws pertaining to drunk driving. It has also introduced an effective DUI Program, which is governed by legislation enacted in 1978. The State has a system in place that determines the need for DUI program services, licenses DUI programs, establishes regulations, approves participant fees and fee schedules, and provides DUI information. A person convicted of a first DUI offense are required to complete a state-licensed three-month, 30-hour alcohol and drug education and counseling program. Drivers detected with a blood alcohol content of 0. 20 or higher must complete a state-licensed sixmonth, 45-hour alcohol and drug education and counseling program. These programs are designed to enable participants to consider attitudes and behavior, support positive lifestyle changes, and reduce or eliminate the use of alcohol and/or drugs. (â€Å"An Overview of California’s†¦ 2004) Repeat DUI offenders (second and subsequent DUI convictions) must complete an 18-month multiple offender program. Such programs provide 52 hours of group counseling; 12 hours of alcohol and drug education; 6 hours of community reentry monitoring; and biweekly individual interviews during the first 12 months of the program. A county in California may elect to provide 30-month DUI programs for third and subsequent DUI offenders, which provide longer periods of counselling, education, and community service, i. e. 78 hours of group counseling; 12 hours of alcohol and drug education; 120-300 hours of community service; and close and regular individual interviews. Presently, such services are available in Los Angeles and San Francisco Counties. (â€Å"An Overview of California’s†¦ † 2004) The California Association of Drinking Driver Treatment Programs (â€Å"CADDTP†) has been formed to help promote understanding of, and improve the role of the DUI programs in California. Most people agree that California’s DUI program network is â€Å"the most inclusive, structured, and complex† and its entire programs are self-supporting through fees paid by participants. They have caused DUI arrests and alcohol-related fatalities to decline steadily in the last two decades when it was introduced. (â€Å"California Association of Drinking Driver Treatment Programs† n. d. ) Drug Courts for DUI: An American Council on Alcoholism (ACA) Program: In collaboration with the National Association for Drug Court Professionals (NADCP) and the National Commission Against Drunk Driving (NCADD), the American Council on Alcoholism Program (ACAP) seeks to promote and establish courts that focus on alcoholism treatment for drunk driving offenders. You read "Substance Abuse: Driving Under the Influence" in category "Papers" This is because ACA believes that the root cause of the drunk driving problem is alcohol abuse and alcoholism and unless we address the root problem of alcoholism, we will not be able to solve the problem of drunk driving. The ACA also believes that traditional means of prevention have had little or no effect on â€Å"hard core† drunk drivers or repeat offenders; therefore it is working for the application of the highly successful drug courts model to cure hardcore drunk drivers of their alcoholism. Drug Court Programs have been found to be highly successful in rehabilitating repeat and hardcore DUI offenders. Recidivism rate in such programs is remarkably low (about 11% v 60% for most other programs). A unique feature of Drug Court is the direct involvement of the judge in the treatment process who remains in direct contact with the defendant and engages in frequent discussion of the progress. The frequent contact between the judge and the defendant creates a paternal-like relationship between them and the judge is able to give positive reinforcement, issue instant reprimands or order incarceration for up to 30 days as the situation demands. An example of a successful DUI Drug Court Program is the Butte County Revia Project started in 1996 for repeat drinking drivers. The key to this model of treatment is the use of ReVia (generic name: naltrexone) for weaning the repeat DUI offenders from their alcohol dependence. (â€Å"Butt County Revia Project,† 2003) The Century Council3 created The National Hardcore Drunk Driver Project in 1997 in order to coordinate efforts directed towards deterrence of hardcore drunk drivers who habitually drive while highly intoxicated. The Council’s main aim is to call attention to the serious nature of the crime of drunk driving and to provide the needed framework in order to close loopholes in existing laws and programs, enact needed legislation, and ensure that the responsible agencies and organizations work together effectively to address the problem. The Council stresses that successful DUI programs for repeat and hardcore offenders should be based on swift identification, certain punishment and effective treatment. It conducts research on DUI and has published a comprehensive source book on the topic, which provides up-to-date data to assist legislators, highway safety officials, law enforcement officers, judges, prosecutors, community activists, corrections personnel, and treatment professionals in developing programs to reduce hardcore drunk driving. (â€Å"National Hardcore Drunk Driver Project† 2003) There are a number of other organizations in the US as well as many other countries that are engaged in conducting programs for the treatment of chronic and repeat DUI offenders. These include the Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)-a support group of alcoholics that seeks to cure alcohol addicts from their addiction through a twelve-step process; the Al-Anon/ Al-Ateen Family Groups–a fellowship of relatives and friends of alcoholics who share their experience, strength, and hope, in order to solve their common problems. 4 The Al-Anon programs are based on the belief that alcoholism is a family illness, and that changed attitudes can aid recovery. Convicted DUI offenders can be sent to jail and fined, particularly in case of repeat offenders. Other alternatives to jail sentence, apart from the DUI Programs for rehabilitation that were discussed in the preceding paragraphs are: Electronic Monitoring (wearing of an ankle bracelet that monitors the whereabouts of the wearer); Work Release-the convicted person works at a place determined by the Probation Department and goes home to sleep; Work Furlough-an arrangement in which the participant keeps his job but returns to a dormitory style facility at night; and City Jail-operated by the local police where the participants spend the night but are released during the day. (â€Å"Jail Alternatives† 2005) Most DUI laws are aimed at deterring driving under the influence of alcohol and drugs. One way of deterring DUI offenses is by making policies and laws that change the drivers’ attitude towards DUI and by altering their perceptions of the likely consequences as a result of DUI behavior. (Greenburg et al, 2004). Such anti-DUI laws could be enacted and public information campaigns launched that enhance a driver’s perception of â€Å"the certainty, swiftness and severity of prosecution† for drunk-driving offenses, or by increasing awareness of the physical dangers associated with driving while intoxicated (Ibid. Some experts believe that the â€Å"moral component† of the laws is much more important than the â€Å"fear factor† of apprehension and punishment in the long-term control of drunk driving. This is mainly because the likelihood of detection for DUI offenders is very low or uncertain. According to a study quoted by Robin, â€Å"On any given outing, an intoxicated driver has less than a 1-in-1000 chance of being apprehended by the police. (Robin 1991) Tough laws against drunken driving have a moral aspect that gradually develop a culture in a society that is intolerant of DUI regardless of the perceived legal risks to the driver involved. Hence, DUI laws are more likely to achieve their objective of controlling drunk driving if we emphasize the morality of the law rather than expect the hardcore violators to be deterred by the fear of getting caught. Despite a steady decline in the number of accidents and fatalities due to driving under the influence (DUI) in the US since the 1980s, the numbers are still unacceptably high. It is even more alarming that a large proportion of these accidents are caused by repeat offenders or hard core drinkers. As discussed in this paper, measures taken to control DUI range from stricter punishment to rehabilitation programs aimed at changing the behavior of chronic DUI offenders. Some of these programs have contributed significantly in reducing DUI offenses. However, a sustained, coordinated, and long-term effort is required for further reduction in DUI cases. How to cite Substance Abuse: Driving Under the Influence, Papers Substance Abuse Driving Under the Influence Free Essays According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), 16,694 people died in 2004 in alcohol and drug related traffic collisions, representing 40% of all traffic related deaths in the United States. (â€Å"2004 Traffic Safety†¦Ã¢â‚¬  2005) In addition about half of the one million people injured in road accidents were also due to driving under the influence (DUI). These are startling statistics, which underscore the enormity of the problem posed by the vast number of people who drive while intoxicated. We will write a custom essay sample on Substance Abuse: Driving Under the Influence or any similar topic only for you Order Now Another point of concern regarding drunk driving or DUI is that repeat or hardcore offenders are the cause of a large proportion of traffic accidents with one out of eight intoxicated drivers in fatal crashes having had a prior DUI/DWI conviction within the past three years. (Pena, 2005) As a result, a number of programs have sprung up around the country seeking to rehabilitate the repeat DUI offenders through education, counseling, and treatment. The laws against DUI and rehab programs have resulted in a gradual but steady decline in fatalities from drunk driving since the 1980s. In this essay, I shall focus on such programs that seek to address the problem of DUI, particularly programs for the chronic and repeat offenders. The laws and penalties against driving while intoxicated have been made stricter in the US since the 1970s. The drinking age has also been uniformly raised to 21 years, while it was 18 in several states prior to the 1980s.1 Currently, driving while intoxicated (DWI) or driving under the influence (DUI) is a criminal offense in most jurisdictions within the United States.2 The punishment for DUI includes jail terms, monetary fines, mandatory DUI programs, and confiscation of driver’s license for repeated offenders. Some states even treat DUI as a felony under certain circumstances such as the presence of a very high blood alcohol content (BAC), the severity of the accident caused by the drunk driver, or in cases where the driver is a repeat offender. (â€Å"Drunk Driving-United States† 2005) In case of alcohol consumption, most states laws have designated the legal limit of blood alcohol content (BAC) for drunk driving at 0.08 (i.e., 80 mg of alcohol in 100 ml of blood). In cases of driving under the influence of prescription medication or illicit drugs there is no â€Å"per se† or legal limit. Instead, in cases of driving under the influence of drugs other than alcohol, the key factor is whether the driver’s faculties were impaired by the substance that was consumed. Due to this reason, the detection and successful prosecution of drivers impaired by prescription medication or illegal drugs is difficult. Besides performing a chemical test (blood, urine, or breath analysis) in order to determine the BAC of the offender, a law enforcing officer may also administer a Field Sobriety Test (FST) on a suspect driver. There are certain standardized FSTs such as the â€Å"Walk and Turn† test, the â€Å"One-leg Stand† and â€Å"Horizontal Gaze Test,† which can reliably determine the level of impairment of an intoxicated driver. (Ibid.) The Transportation Equity Act (TEA-21) enacted in 1998 encourages States to enact Repeat Intoxicated Driver laws providing for minimum penalty for repeat offenders such as: a)Suspension of driver’s license for not less than one year b)Impoundment, immobilization, or installation of ignition interlock system on vehicles c)An assessment of the individual’s degree of abuse of alcohol and treatment as appropriate d)Not less than 30 days community service or 5 days of imprisonment for 2nd offense and not less than 60 days community service or 10 days of imprisonment for 3rd and subsequent offense. (â€Å"Minimum Penalties for Repeat offenders† n.d.) As mentioned in the introduction, there are a number of DUI programs in the United States that seek to control the menace of drunk driving through education, counseling and treatment of the offenders. Some of these programs are described below: California’s Driving Under the Influence (DUI) Program: California was among the first states in the US (along with New York) to introduce laws pertaining to drunk driving. It has also introduced an effective DUI Program, which is governed by legislation enacted in 1978. The State has a system in place that determines the need for DUI program services, licenses DUI programs, establishes regulations, approves participant fees and fee schedules, and provides DUI information. A person convicted of a first DUI offense are required to complete a state-licensed three-month, 30-hour alcohol and drug education and counseling program. Drivers detected with a blood alcohol content of 0.20 or higher must complete a state-licensed sixmonth, 45-hour alcohol and drug education and counseling program. These programs are designed to enable participants to consider attitudes and behavior, support positive lifestyle changes, and reduce or eliminate the use of alcohol and/or drugs. (â€Å"An Overview of California’s†¦Ã¢â‚¬  2004) Repeat DUI offenders (second and subsequent DUI convictions) must complete an 18-month multiple offender program. Such programs provide 52 hours of group counseling; 12 hours of alcohol and drug education; 6 hours of community reentry monitoring; and biweekly individual interviews during the first 12 months of the program. A county in California may elect to provide 30-month DUI programs for third and subsequent DUI offenders, which provide longer periods of counselling, education, and community service, i.e., 78 hours of group counseling; 12 hours of alcohol and drug education; 120-300 hours of community service; and close and regular individual interviews. Presently, such services are available in Los Angeles and San Francisco Counties. (â€Å"An Overview of California’s†¦Ã¢â‚¬  2004) The California Association of Drinking Driver Treatment Programs (â€Å"CADDTP†) has been formed to help promote understanding of, and improve the role of the DUI programs in California. Most people agree that California’s DUI program network is â€Å"the most inclusive, structured, and complex† and its entire programs are self-supporting through fees paid by participants. They have caused DUI arrests and alcohol-related fatalities to decline steadily in the last two decades when it was introduced. (â€Å"California Association of Drinking Driver Treatment Programs† n.d.) Drug Courts for DUI: An American Council on Alcoholism (ACA) Program: In collaboration with the National Association for Drug Court Professionals (NADCP) and the National Commission Against Drunk Driving (NCADD), the American Council on Alcoholism Program (ACAP) seeks to promote and establish courts that focus on alcoholism treatment for drunk driving offenders. This is because ACA believes that the root cause of the drunk driving problem is alcohol abuse and alcoholism and unless we address the root problem of alcoholism, we will not be able to solve the problem of drunk driving. The ACA also believes that traditional means of prevention have had little or no effect on â€Å"hard core† drunk drivers or repeat offenders; therefore it is working for the application of the highly successful drug courts model to cure hardcore drunk drivers of their alcoholism. Drug Court Programs have been found to be highly successful in rehabilitating repeat and hardcore DUI offenders. Recidivism rate in such programs is remarkably low (about 11% v 60% for most other programs). A unique feature of Drug Court is the direct involvement of the judge in the treatment process who remains in direct contact with the defendant and engages in frequent discussion of the progress. The frequent contact between the judge and the defendant creates a paternal-like relationship between them and the judge is able to give positive reinforcement, issue instant reprimands or order incarceration for up to 30 days as the situation demands. (Kavanaugh, 2003). An example of a successful DUI Drug Court Program is the Butte County Revia Project started in 1996 for repeat drinking drivers. The key to this model of treatment is the use of ReVia (generic name: naltrexone) for weaning the repeat DUI offenders from their alcohol dependence. (â€Å"Butt County Revia Project,† 2003) The Century Council3 created The National Hardcore Drunk Driver Project in 1997 in order to coordinate efforts directed towards deterrence of hardcore drunk drivers who habitually drive while highly intoxicated. The Council’s main aim is to call attention to the serious nature of the crime of drunk driving and to provide the needed framework in order to close loopholes in existing laws and programs, enact needed legislation, and ensure that the responsible agencies and organizations work together effectively to address the problem. The Council stresses that successful DUI programs for repeat and hardcore offenders should be based on swift identification, certain punishment and effective treatment. It conducts research on DUI and has published a comprehensive source book on the topic, which provides up-to-date data to assist legislators, highway safety officials, law enforcement officers, judges, prosecutors, community activists, corrections personnel, and treatment professionals in developing programs to reduce hardcore drunk driving. (â€Å"National Hardcore Drunk Driver Project† 2003) There are a number of other organizations in the US as well as many other countries that are engaged in conducting programs for the treatment of chronic and repeat DUI offenders. These include the Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)-a support group of alcoholics that seeks to cure alcohol addicts from their addiction through a twelve-step process; the Al-Anon/ Al-Ateen Family Groups–a fellowship of relatives and friends of alcoholics who share their experience, strength, and hope, in order to solve their common problems.4 The Al-Anon programs are based on the belief that alcoholism is a family illness, and that changed attitudes can aid recovery. Convicted DUI offenders can be sent to jail and fined, particularly in case of repeat offenders. Other alternatives to jail sentence, apart from the DUI Programs for rehabilitation that were discussed in the preceding paragraphs are: Electronic Monitoring (wearing of an ankle bracelet that monitors the whereabouts of the wearer); Work Release-the convicted person works at a place determined by the Probation Department and goes home to sleep; Work Furlough-an arrangement in which the participant keeps his job but returns to a dormitory style facility at night; and City Jail-operated by the local police where the participants spend the night but are released during the day. (â€Å"Jail Alternatives† 2005) Most DUI laws are aimed at deterring driving under the influence of alcohol and drugs. One way of deterring DUI offenses is by making policies and laws that change the drivers’ attitude towards DUI and by altering their perceptions of the likely consequences as a result of DUI behavior. (Greenburg et al, 2004). Such anti-DUI laws could be enacted and public information campaigns launched that enhance a driver’s perception of â€Å"the certainty, swiftness and severity of prosecution† for drunk-driving offenses, or by increasing awareness of the physical dangers associated with driving while intoxicated (Ibid.) Some experts believe that the â€Å"moral component† of the laws is much more important than the â€Å"fear factor† of apprehension and punishment in the long-term control of drunk driving. This is mainly because the likelihood of detection for DUI offenders is very low or uncertain. According to a study quoted by Robin, â€Å"On any given outing, an intoxicated driver has less than a 1-in-1000 chance of being apprehended by the police.† (Robin 1991) Tough laws against drunken driving have a moral aspect that gradually develop a culture in a society that is intolerant of DUI regardless of the perceived legal risks to the driver involved. Hence, DUI laws are more likely to achieve their objective of controlling drunk driving if we emphasize the morality of the law rather than expect the hardcore violators to be deterred by the fear of getting caught. Despite a steady decline in the number of accidents and fatalities due to driving under the influence (DUI) in the US since the 1980s, the numbers are still unacceptably high. It is even more alarming that a large proportion of these accidents are caused by repeat offenders or hard core drinkers. As discussed in this paper, measures taken to control DUI range from stricter punishment to rehabilitation programs aimed at changing the behavior of chronic DUI offenders. Some of these programs have contributed significantly in reducing DUI offenses. However, a sustained, coordinated, and long-term effort is required for further reduction in DUI cases. How to cite Substance Abuse: Driving Under the Influence, Papers

Observation Of Tv Violence Essays - Buddy Films,

Observation Of Tv Violence Violence on Television In my experiment I will study the behavior of children before, during and after viewing a violent television program, specifically The Power Rangers. I will use the theories of Charles Horton Cooley, George Herbert Mead and Harold Wilensky to analyze the results according to their theories. Cooleys theory is that people shape the aspects of their identity so that it would fit what others would want. Therefore we would become the kind of person we believe others think we should be. Harold Wilensky said that the media produces a mass culture, in which people have similar culture, that people have similar cultural tastes and political values shaped by the media. This produces a mass of people with similar thoughts and feelings, which can be manipulated by the media. Mead believed that the self is a social product, acquired by observing and assimilating the identities of others. He believed that for identification and assimilation there is a need for communication. The communication is the interaction of language, culture, family, peers and with a new form of communication, media. For Mead, childhood play and games were important activities. These activities used the idea of role taking, the way we try to look at social situations from the standpoint of another person, and significant others, influential people in our lives. The theorist that I think is the best for my experiment is Mead. For my experiment my hypothesis will be that after viewing a violent television program children will act more aggressive than before. That the childrens play will change so that it would become more violent, so that it would be similar to the show that they had seen. In my experiment I observed two children 30 minutes before watching the Power Rangers 30 minutes during the show and 30 minutes after the show. The observation was done on the friends of my brother and the friends of my cousins. My first observation was on my brother and his friend on November 1, 1999. My brothers name is Sina, he was born here and is 7 years old, but his parents were born in Iran. He is half Muslim and half Jewish; neither of his parents are strictly religious. He has an older brother and sister. His friends name is Alex and he is also 7 years old, and born in Russia. His father lives in Russia and he lives with his mother, grandmother and aunt. Both his parents are Jewish and he has a twin brother, but no sisters. I started to observe Sina and Alex at 3:00 PM at my house, since I knew that they would watch Power Rangers at 3:30. At 3:00 they played with each other, first playing in the living room using their trucks and making roads for their cars to travel on. They would make bridges and they directed traffic as though one of them was a traffic officer. He would tell them when to go and when to stop and they would make the cars crash into each other so that the fire truck and the ambulanc e could come and rescue them. Then about 10 minutes later they went into my Sinas room, where he brought out his action figures. There were 2 Spiderman toys, 3 Power Ranger toys, 3 Batman toys, 2 Buzz Light-year toys (from the movie Toy Story) and 1 Ninja Turtle toy. They divided the toys up, taking turns in choosing the toys. First my brother, Sina, picked a Power Ranger toy, then another one, a Spiderman toy, a Batman toy and a Buzz Light-year toy. Alex got the other toys picked the toys that I did not mention. They lined up their toys so that they were facing their opponent and each of them grabbed two of their toys. They started to battle against each other and pretended that the toys were real and that they were either jumping really high or flying. Then they put one of their toys down and started to fight with only one toy each. They moved the arms and legs of their toys and each one would say that he had defeated the other ones toy. The other would complain and they