John Waller Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

John Waller - Essay Example The musical techniques which Waller follows reflect the philosophies and cultural associations that he holds. Specifically, Waller focuses on uplifting music that is based on religious beliefs of Christianity. The musical techniques which Waller uses establish the same ideas and theories while helping to create stronger recognition of Christian music and expressions with the use of musical ideas. Examining six of the songs of Waller also develops a deeper understanding of the musical representations of Waller. The first song analyzed is â€Å"Identity† from the CD â€Å"The Blessing.† The concept of this is based on one finding their identity in God and Jesus while practicing different Christian beliefs in terms of what one’s true identity is. The structure is the first musical technique which highlights this. The structure is verse, chorus, verse, chorus. The verse has a specific set of chords that continue throughout the song. This combines with a change in the chorus to chords that are higher than the chorus to highlight the lyrics of â€Å"So you are, So I am†¦ I Am You.† The chords and the movement up are able to highlight the concept of identity with the song. The rhythm follows this with a steady rock beat in 4/4. This moves at a medium – fast pace to create a feeling of happiness throughout the song. This continues with the arrangement of music, including the bass, electronic guitar and drums. Each of these moves at a medium – fast pace to keep with the same idea. When one listens to this song, there is a sense of being happy and at peace with the concept of identity while establishing a different understanding of how the idea of being Christian and with Christ is one which reflects in happiness and peace. The second song, â€Å"The Blessing,† also from the CD â€Å"The Blessing† holds similar connotations as the first. The rhythm is in a fast four or 2/4 that is a part of the piece. The arran gement includes electronic guitar, piano, synthesizer, bass and drums. The introduction has a louder dynamic and seems to move faster. The first verse then moves at a slower pace with only a background drum holding the beat while the words and singing is highlighted. The same louder sound then comes back in for the second verse to make a louder sound and to highlight the idea of â€Å"let it be said of us.† The song is able to use these louder and softer differences to create a sense of motivation among others while the faster rock sound creates a movement of happiness and of being lifting. After the first verse and between the chorus, the sound becomes slightly louder to highlight the main message. The chords at this point move to a higher range to use the technique of motivation as the main highlight and to bring out the main hook of the song â€Å"be a blessing in life.† The music then moves back to the verse with the same chord change. When this occurs, the chorus seems to be more uplifting while the verses lead into this highlight and set of changes. The last part of the bridge is one that slightly alters by slowing down the rhythm accompaniment while moving faster with the lyrics. The faster rhythm and pauses then highlights the song. When this moves back to the chorus it is able to highlight the main message. The song ends with a coda that has a slower pace with the singing and similar chord change to highlight the motivational points of the song. The techniques of the song then work to create highlights that motivate the message of â€Å"being a blessing for life†. The third song, â€Å"Still Calls Me Son† from the CD â€Å"The

Emerson and Transcendentalism Essay Example for Free

Emerson and Transcendentalism Essay Transcendentalism was a literary movement that began in the beginning of the 1800s and lasted up until the Civil War. Ralph Waldo Emerson was a man whose views on life and the universe were intriguing and influential. Emerson, along with other great men, helped to mold what Transcendentalism was and what it was to become. Without these men, Transcendentalism would not have been anything. Nor would these men have been anything without this concept. So what is Transcendentalism anyway and how have mens thoughts and outlooks been able make it what it is remembered as? Transcendentalism was prominent in the cultural life of the U. S. , especially in New England from 1836 to until just before the Civil War. The Revolutionary war had ended shortly before the time of Transcendentalism; therefore, Emerson had been influenced by its affects and had shared his thoughts about war in his writings. At the age of twelve, Emerson wrote Fair Peace and Triumph blooms on golden wings, and War no more pf all his victories sings (Way to Peace 2). He viewed war as being unnecessary and in his eyes, the soul has no enemies and rises above all conflicts. He thought soldiers to be ridiculous and war to Abhorrent to all reason (Way to Peace 2), and against human progress. Basically he was against all war and his views on war were apparent in his writings. Even though he thought that the Civil War was good because it was trying to stop the evils of slavery, he detested the lack of freedom during the war, and he vowed that if martial law came to Concord, that he would disobey it or move away. These events developed Transcendentalism though Emersons views and writings on war (Way to Peace 1-2). Transcendentalism in America centered in Concord and Boston. The philosophy came from many different beliefs and peoples thoughts and outlooks. Emerson was a huge person whose beliefs greatly influenced how transcendentalism evolved. Around the year 0f 1836, a discussion group was formed in New England called the Transcendental Club. It met at various members houses and it included Emerson, Bronson Alcott, Frederick Henry Hedge, W. E. Channing and W. H. Channing, Theodore Parker, Margaret Fuller, Elizabeth Peabody, George Ripley, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Henry Thoreau, and Jones Very. From 1840 to 1844, a quarterly newspaper printed their early essays, poems, and reviews (Abrams, 215-216). Emersons transcendentalism is an idealist philosophy that was derived from Kants concept of the Tran scendental. According to his understanding of Kant, transcendentalism becomes a union of solipsism under which the only verifiable reality is thought to be self. It also comes from materialism in which the only verifiable reality is thought to be quantifiable outside world of objects, and sense data. Through this fusion, transcendentalism was transported to America as a philosophy. Through his source of most of its poetry and mysticism, Emerson fostered the growth of transcendentalism of the New England variant. His ideas, which came from Kant, were taken from the German philosopher Immanuel Kant whose ideas of the universe and soul were very intriguing. He believed in transcendental knowledge but confined it to things such as time, space, quantity and casualty, which in his views were imposed by the perception of human minds. He regarded these aspects as the universal sense experience. Emerson, however, extended this concept of transcendental knowledge to include moral and other truths that go beyond the limits of the human sense experience, which Kant had specifically denied. Besides Kant, other intellectual predecessors of American Transcendentalism are very diverse and few, but include post-Kantian German Idealists, the English thinkers Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Thomas Carlyle (who were also exponents of German Idealism), Plato, Neoplatonists, the occult Swedish theologian Emmanuel Swedenborg, and some varieties of Oriental philosophies (Abrams 216). Basically, Transcendentalism was about promoting peace and developing the mind and soul. Also, it was about sharing your views on what was wrong with the world and how it could be fixed. William Ellery Channing was a forerunner of the Transcendentalists and preached against war and was active in the peace movement that began in 1815 when Noah Worcester founded the Massachusetts Peace Society, the first influential peace society in the world. Channing wrote about the miseries and crimes of war, their causes and some possible remedies. In addition to the suffering and destruction he points out that war corrupts the morals of society and gives the government dangerous powers. Channing preached in Boston from 1803 until his death and was praised by Emerson above all other ministers. The sources of war which Channing wrote of are the human propensity for excitement, the lust for power, admiration for warlike deeds, false patriotism, and the upbringing and education which glamorizes military exploits. He also sees the remedies as well as the causes to be of a moral nature. He believes we must honor our rulers and nations fro their justice, goodwill, and educational institutions not for their foreign conquests. He thought that we must also admire heroes for their conscience, human rights, and the ones who bring peace and freedom. He believed that the peace teachings of Christians ought to be emphasized. He warned that the attitude of rulers and nations of foreign states, which is usually partial and unjust, should show us that war is rarely just or unnecessary. He advised Christians to refuse war and if necessary, submit to prison or execution in an attempt for peace (Way to Peace 1-2). James Freeman Clarke once dubbed the transcendentalists the club of the likeminded; I suppose because no two of us think alike (American Literary Movements 1). But despite the disagreement among transcendentalists themselves, the overall movement shared similar philosophies. These philosophies rested on the Slockean concept of Idealism and Kants belief in intuition. In other words, transcendentalism opposed empiricism, which is gaining knowledge from experience. Physical world observations were only appearances of reflections of the spirit. One should learn of the spiritual world through reason alone, thus guiding them towards the ultimate goal, Absolute Truth (American Transcendentalism1 1). All of the Transcendentalists had more in common with what they reacted against rather than what they proposed. They were opposed to rigid rationalism; to the eighteenth-century empirical philosophy of the school of John Locke which derived all of its knowledge by sense impressions; by highly formalized religions, and especially the Calvinist orthodoxy of New England; and to the social conformity, materialism, and commercialism that they found increasingly prominent in American life. The counter-views that were affirmed by Transcendentalists, especially Emerson include confidence in the validity of knowledge which is tied in with feeling and intuition, and an ethics of individualism that stressed self trust, self-reliance, and self sufficiency (Abrams 216). Transcendentalism cannot be properly understood outside the context of Unitarianism, the dominant religion in Boston during the early nineteenth century. Unitarianism had developed during the late eighteenth century as a branch of the liberal wing of Christianity during the First Great Awakening of the 1740s. That awakening revolved around the questions of divine election and original sin, and it saw a brief period of revivalism. The Liberals tended to reject both the Orthodox belief in natural evil and the emotionalism of the revivalists. In a sort of incorporation of Enlightenment principles with American Christianity, they began to stress the value of intellectual reason as the path to divine wisdom. This is how transcendentalism began to emerge; the Liberalists began to make their own unique theological contribution in rejecting the doctrine of the divine trinity. Transcendentalism is a belief in a higher reality than that found in sense experience, or belief in a higher kind of knowledge than achieved by human reason. Transcendentalism revolves around the existence of absolute goodness, something beyond description and knowable, ultimately only through intuition. In its most specific usage; Transcendentalism refers to a literary and philosophical movement that developed in the United States. Emerson separated the universe into two categories, nature and soul. He sought to explain the interrelation of them. He called analogies mans key to these relations (American Transcendentalism2 1-2). The term Transcendentalism became applied almost exclusively to doctrines of metaphysical idealism. Transcendentalism opposed the strict ritualism and rigid theology of established religious institutions. Transcendentalist writers expressed semi-religious feelings toward nature, as well as the creative process believing that divinity permeated all objects. Intuition rather than reason, were regarded as the highest human faculty. It was believed in order to comprehend the divine, God, and the universe one must transcend or go beyond the physical and emotional description of normal human thought. That you must go to the level of the soul and once there it is believed that all people have access to divine inspiration and sought and loved freedom and knowledge and truth (American Transcendentalism2 3-5) The Transcendentalist adopts the whole connection of spiritual doctrine. He believes in miracle, in the perpetual openness of the human mind to new influx of light and power; he believes in inspiration and in ecstasy. He wishes that the spiritual principle should be suffered to demonstrate itself to the end, in all possible applications to the state of man, without the admission of anything unspiritual; that is, anything positive, dogmatic, personal. Thus, the spiritual measure of inspiration is the depth of the thought, and never, who said it? And so he resists all attempts to palm other rules and measures on the spirit than its own (American Transcendentalism2 6-7). ? Transcendentalism was a literary movement on the mid 1800s in which Ralph Waldo Emerson took a great part. He contributed many fabulous ideas into the philosophy and influenced many people to put some remarkable ideas and writings in to Transcendentalism. He was the source of most of its poetry and mysticism, and fostered growth of the New England variant. Ralph Waldo Emerson, the son of a Unitarian Minister, was born on May 25, in Boston, Massachusetts. In 1821, he graduated from Harvard College. He got married in 1829, but his wife died less than a year and a half later. At this time in his life, Emerson doubted his beliefs and profession as a minister. He decided to resign, stating that it was because of the Eucharist (Biography of Emerson 1-2). In 1832, he went to Europe where he met some noteworthy people such as Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Carle. He began giving public lectures, and in 1836, he published Nature. He had become the sage of Concord and his literary colleagues became known as the Transcendental Club. Ralph Waldo Emerson believed in order to comprehend the divine, God, and the universe, one must transcend or go beyond the physical and emotional descriptions of normal human thought (American Literary Movements 1). With these strong thoughts, Emerson became the leader of many philosophers and writers termed transcendentalists. He ignited a literary movement influencing Herman Melville, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry David Thoreau (American Literary Movements 2). Emerson had many great writings, which influenced many and shared his thoughts with the world. His great thinking influenced many and made people realize that peace is important to a high society. Some of his thoughts include: A peaceful nation is protected by its spiritual power, because everyone is its friend. In individual cases it is extremely rare that a person of peace ever attracts violence. Courage must be transferred from war to the cause of peace; cowards can attain nothing great. The search for the sublime laws of morals and the sources of hope and trust, in man, and not in books, in the present, and not the past, and hopes that these will bring war to an end. (The Way to Peace 3-4) Emerson was also a great writer. His first publication Nature showed his idea of Transcendentalism. He applied this type of thinking to most of his works. In 1841, his first volume of essays, including the majority of his most popular work such as Self-Reliance, Prudence, Heroism, and Art. In 1847 to 1848, he went back to England and lectured. He made a collaborative volume called Representative Men (1850). This collection is one of his best works and contains fantastic essays on famous philosophers and writers such as Plato. He once described war as An epidemic of insanity, breaking out here and there like cholera or influenza, infecting mens brains instead of their bowels (Way to Peace 2). Besides being a great speaker revolutionist and writer, Emerson was also a very recognizable poet. His last collection of poetry was called May Day and Other Pieces, written in 1867. After this, he stopped writing for duration of time. His mental capabilities went downhill, and a few years later wrote Society and Solitude (1870) and Parnassus (1874), both poetic works. Sadly, Ralph Waldo Emerson died in 1882, remembered as a great philosopher, writer, and a leader of mankind (Biography of Emerson 1-2). Transcendentalism was a great literary movement. In fact it was more than just a literary movement, it was a liberator of mankind. Without the influences of Transcendentalism, many of the great writers in American History would not have been as great, and there would be less hope for the future. The important issues that the Transcendentalists addressed were important for the people of that time to pay attention to, and end the corruption of war. Unfortunately, the transcendental movement, with its optimism about the indwelling divinity, self-sufficiency, and high potentialities of human nature, did not survive the crisis of the Civil War and its aftermath. The end of a great literary movement had arrived, but was the beginning of more to come (Abrams 217)? ? Emersons Concord home and a picture of him. Works Cited Page Abrams, M. H. A Glossary of Literary Terms. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brau Jovanovich College Publishers, 1985. American Literary Movements: Transcendentalism. Oct. 1999 (10/5/99). American Transcendentalism. (1). Oct. 1999 (10/6/99). American Transcendentalism. (2). May 2000 ~rlenat/amertran. html (5/29/00). Biography of Emerson. http:/members. xoom. com/_XMCM/RWEmerson/ whoisheohtm. The Way to Peace. Oct. 1999 (10/5/99).

Biography On Anton Van Leeuwenhoek History Essay

Biography On Anton Van Leeuwenhoek History Essay Human life is abundant of the deepest perspective towards the minutest aspects. Some of these are the result of our instinctive origination while the remainders owe their majority to Anton Van Leeuwenhoek, the man to whom the world looked as the individual who grafted the preference for minuscule details into our conscience. For those who are privy of his whereabouts, need no mentioning, and for those who are oblivious, it would be just to say that todays Microbiology would be an impossibility if it has not been accounted to his contributions. Born in a Dutch family based in Deft, Leeuwenhoek grew up to walk in the dual steps of a tradesman and scientist, who was best designated as The Father of Microbiology. He was also considered as the first microbiologist, and through his indulgence in the improvement of the microscope, he ensured a proper establishment of Microbiology as an essential cog of science. Because of his valiant hardship, we have been able to savor ourselves through some exceptional microbiological technologies that hold prominence in both educational and medicinal applications. Animacules or microorganisms, as we refer to them today was the term that he coined to those single-celled organisms that he first observed and described using his handcrafted microscopes. Leeuwenhoek was also the first to document minuscule examination of muscle fibers, bacteria, spermatozoa, and most essential, the flow of blood in capillaries. If put concisely then Leeuwenhoek was one of those rare contributors, in the dearth of whom we would be still breathing in medieval period. THE BEGINNING The history subscribed to one of the most influential phenomena when Anton Van Leeuwenhoek was born on Oct. 24, 1632, in a decent Dutch family that was based in Delft, a modest town of the nation of Netherlands. His father was a basket-maker, while his mother belonged to a family of brewers. His parents, who seemed to be quite conservative in their approach preferred to further his education informally. His subjects comprised of mathematics and physical science, but languages missed the companionship of his educational endeavors, and this probably explains Dutch being his only lingual acquaintance. Despite of the decency of his familial background, Leeuwenhoek had to leave his education in between and at the callous age of 16, he was sent to Amsterdam, to become an apprentice at a linendrapers shop. There, he familiarized himself with the peculiar aspects of the profession and employed six years of his invaluable youth in gaining its expertise. However, soon his craving for the innovativeness dimmed the light of his apprenticeship, and he left his prevalent profession to search for what truly inspired his desires. Around 1654, Leeuwenhoek registered his return to the hometown of Delft and in an auspicious event, he communed himself in a marital relationship with Barbara De May. She bore him five children. The bond of marriage brought mandatory responsibilities on Vans shoulders and for its proper execution; he bought a house and a shop and established himself in the business as a draper. For the substantial number of years linen draping seemed to be the only profession that fortified his indulgence in any commercial prospect to an extent that at one point it appeared that the draper would be his social attire for the rest of his life, which could have introduced a drastic paragraph in the pages of the history. Then, in the year of 1660, he was appointed Chamberlin to the sheriffs of Delft. It was a post that he held for about thirty-nine years. For the next thirteen years the identity of Chamberlin elucidated Leeuwenhoeks professional front and the rest of his activities were concealed by the obliviousness. However, he must have developed the habit of grinding lenses to employ them in the construction of simple microscope. The event that solidified the existence of his interest occurred in the year 1668 when he journeyed to England in the companionship of one of his microscopes. He used it to examine chalk from the cliffs of Kent. At that time, Leeuwenhoek lacked any sort of professionalism in the field of microscopy, and was unprepared to describe any logical conclusions. Vigilant observation, cautious documentation and the prevention of hasty conclusions were the essentials of his concept. His was a firm believer in the fact that each and every entity that dwells on this earth, be it living or non-living, is worth researching; it could be anything like a drop of rain, pepper-water, seeds, wooden bark, skin, open wounds and other bodily contributors, a beetle colliding against a window, or something as simple as an itch on his skin. He was equally allured by the hypothesis formulated by the likes of Jan Swammerdam, Christian Huygens, Boerhave and Harvey. Leeuwenhoek was the first to monitor the parasite Anisakis in the Hering. He also warned Hendrik about the worms in a fresh Hering, in a letter that he sent to him; he wrote: Wormkens in de holligheit van de buyk van de haring. Leeuwenhoek was also the foremost person to discover that the composition of a living cell accounts to 80% water, and was the discoverer of the technique of microdissections on insects. This procedure enabled him to become a recipient of remarkable outcomes that overshadowed the modern standards that were in fashion in that particular time. Leeuwenhoek should be credited with the foundation of forensic microscopy, and it was a sheer luck for us that despite of the lack of accepted professionalism, he believed in a thorough procedural observation, and only after the decisive verification, he published his findings. He examined everything, ranging from biological specimens to mineral objects. He even performed an experiment with the gunpowder compound and provided a valuable suggestion to the French chief-commander to shorten the barrel in order to approach maximum effect. Leeuwenhoek had a friendly and polite character, and he spoke with empathy and compassion about his fellow-men and ill people and visited them. His regular acquaintances were the lepers in a leper-hospital that was bricked in the city of Haarlem. However this account arose some contradictions, as it does not match to the view of some authors who consider him as the owner of ascetic character. FIRST RECOGNITION AND ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON Just like in a room draped in darkness, a brief speck of light is enough to enlighten an object of curiosity. The miniscule visual manifestation that Leeuwenhoek assembled from the sample of the chalk embarked his intellect, which in turn resulted in an autonomous gradation from curiosity to adamant passion. Soon, he devoted himself to the manufacturing of the microscopes and savored their aid in registering the detailed structure of the minute organisms, and it is a belief that the origination of his curiosity dated back to 1665 when he read Micrographia*, a brilliant work published by Robert Hooke. It is believed that it was this work that had probably stimulated his adamant interest in the world of minuscule. [*Note: It is a historical account documented by Robert Hooke that comprised of thirty-years long observation that he performed through various lenses. The book was published in the auspicious month of September 1665, which was the Royal Societys first key publication, and was the first scientific best-seller that inspired a wide public interest in the field of microscopy. It is also noteworthy for coining the biological jargon, cell.] Nurturing his interest like a gardener nurtures his plants, Leeuwenhoek dwelled deeper into the construction of microscopes, and it was during this period that he found the use of single lenses of very short focal length preferable than the compound microscopes that were processed back then; and the brilliance of the discoveries that he made using these back their reliabilities. Nonetheless, his resilience and austerity enhanced his observational skills and when the autumn applauded the arrival of the year 1673 through a progressive intensity, Vans attempts paid off via Regnier De Graff. Graaf, was a brilliant young physician of Delft, who accidentally acquainted himself with the discoveries made by Leeuwenhoek and in a favourable swirl of fate, his discoveries generated an immaculate impression on the former one to an extent that he wrote a letter about the latters works to Henry Oldenburg, Secretary of the Royal Society in London. This letter was published in  Philosophical Transactions,  and Oldenburg wrote to the author requesting further communications. Graafs initiative brought the microbiologist under Oldenburgs merger attention that in turn resulted in the former writing a letter to the Royal Society*. His first letter contained some observations on the stings of bees. However, he never wrote an authentic scientific paper. The explanation of his discoveries was a scramble of letters written in Low Dutch that sometimes were objectionable by some society members. [*Note: The Royal Society was an organization formed in 1662 under a royal charter granted by Charles II. Devoted to register fresh technological developments in the field of science, the societys aim was to facilitate the scientists in achieving their goals.] The initiators and perhaps the earliest members of the Royal Society who were also the designers of modern English Speculative Freemasonry, included prominent intellectuals from the invisible college as William Viscount Brouncker, Robert Moray, Robert Boyle, William Petty, John Wilkins, Christopher Wren, Robert Hooke, Elias, Ashmole and Isaac Newton. Although a direct evidence regarding to his early indulgence in the society is missing, the accumulation of the substantial number of clues indicate towards his lineage with a Vrijmetselaar or with the inspiration originating from Masonic attitudes. As it is believed that the superficiality certifies the outcome of ones intellectuality. Such occurred with Leeuwenhoek in the initial period of his relationship with the Royal Society. It was a probability that the organizational constitution of his papers would have biased the members minds who preferred a more mannered approach to the detailing. In a probable consequence, they challenged the existence of such minute organisms as his animalcules and waived the possibility of the authenticity of such idea. Leeuwenhoek, who attired generosity in the beginning, soon became wearied of it and he presented the society with the thorough account of his methodical approach in estimating their sizes through their diametrical comparison to the objects that fell under the direct measurable dimensions. Through the implication of rational computations, he predicted their volumes from their perceptible diameters. Through the illustrational cohesion of his subjects and the spherical and objects he simplified his explanation for the members to understand. He depicted the possibility of the existence of literally a million microbes in the volume that equals a grain of sand. By progressively comparing objects of decreasing size with one another, he proved for example that protozoan  cilia  are thousands-fold smaller than a human hair. Even though the successful exhibition of the protozoan cell, the society still attired doubt around itself, so it wrote a letter and wished its interest in renting his microscope for a span of few days. However, Leeuwenhoek, who until now had developed a inseparable adoration towards his instrument denied its handover, even if it was transitory in nature. The members were privy that until and unless a proper inspection would continue to facilitate its share of obliviousness, substantiation would not be possible. Therefore, in order to arrive to a judgement, they appointed two scientists- Nehemiah Grew and Robert Hooke to validate the credibility of his experiments. Credited with the new responsibility by the society, both the men initiated a serious attempt to corroborate Leeuwenhoeks observations. Their initial effort acquainted them to failure, which put his report under doubtful perspective. However, Hooke, who was adamant in his attitude, despite of the ambiguity, found a faint credibility in the microbiologists study. He again tried using a microscope with 330 X (power of magnification). The results that second trial generated, brought a smile on his face, and confirmed Leeuwenhoeks success. Both the scientists reported the resultant similarity in their observations and to those that Leeuwenhoek explained in his letters. The society, despite of its scepticism, accepted Leeuwenhoeks claims, and in the same year Graaf sent them a letter, they conveyed a delegation to Delft. Their words relayed reluctance and showed an inclination towards a forceful methodical acceptance, but their rave report confirmed Vans declaration. Just like in the morning, a drop of dew enhances the beauty of the leaf it perches; in the same way the remarkable authentication of the microbiologists claims generated immaculate allurement over substantial number of prominent figures around Europe, which included even the Future Queen Anne of England and Tsar Pytor I of Russia. They failed in keeping themselves away from witnessing the demonstration of his marvels. His fame soon ensured his undeviating place in the history of science and a few years later he was elected to full membership in the society. However, his attendance to the organizations meeting registered absence, and did his signature on the societys membership catalogue. Leeuwenhoeks correspondence with the Royal Society was initiated through a series of letters that he wrote in Dutch, which then were translated into English or Latin and included in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. They were often reprinted separately. His entire observations were explained in letters that numbered to at least two hundred. They were addressed either to the society or to his friends. Leeuwenhoeks letters comprised of random observations with little coherence that were written in an informal style. However, despite of the casualness that the description of his observations attired, he avoided the fusion of the facts with his speculations that could otherwise lead to confusion. His vigilance resulted in the effortless identification of numerous organisms that he described in his catalogue. To give some of the flavor of his discoveries, we present extracts from his observations, together with modern pictures of the organisms that Leeuwenhoek saw. An amusing facet to add in Antons life is that he considered his own artistic skills capable enough to execute the vital task of illustrating his findings. Therefore, for almost all the instances, he hired limners* to commence that short of work. [Note*: Originated illuminators, i.e. artists and engravers that we now know as illustrators or commercial artists.] LEEUWENHOEKS MICROSCOPES Just like a musician without his instruments or a painter without his brushes are mere statistical puppets in the pages of history, in the same way an introduction to Leeuwenhoek without mentioning the medium of his genius would be just like a pizza served without any toppings. The number and quality of Leeuwenhoeks mikroskoops (as they were known back then) and the ones that survived share ambiguous certainty. However, through a mutual agreement it can be said that he constructed at least several hundred of them, out of which about two hundred and fifty were complete. Amongst those most of them included a mounted specimen and also about two hundred mounted lenses. STRUCTURAL MAGNIFICANCE Leeuwenhoeks microscopes were simple magnifying glasses comprised of single spherical or biconvex lens that were mounted amidst two copper, brass or silver plates. The size of the plates matched the modern microscopic slides, i.e. about 1/3 inches. The object that was subjected to the examination was raised, lowered, or rotated by threaded screws attached to the plate. His device also included one of the first mechanical micromanipulation systems. However, Hooke had already accomplished this with a touch of differentiation. It was a possibility that Leeuwenhoek must have understood early that the shallow depth of field of strong microscopic lenses had ruled out focusing on microorganisms by hand. Like modern objective lenses, his lenses were extremely small with short focal lengths of 1-2 millimeters. There was requirement with the lenses; it was a need to consign them close to the eyes, and adequate practice and good eyesight were mandatory factors for their usage. The plates were c arved up to provide adequate grasp between the eyebrow and cheek like a jewellers monocle loupe. Following a standard scientific procedure, the plates were held in a horizontal position with the threaded stem used as a handle peeping away from the nose. Estimates of microscopes magnifying power vary from about 200 to 500 diameters, and if the higher number is true then he had achieved about a third or even a half of the highest magnification possible with visible light! The sizes of the objects that he mentioned in his reports and the finesse that attired the detailing of his drawings do bear out their astonishing optical precision and to Antons own skills as one of the very first microscopists in history. LENSES According to the numerous references in many accounts of Leeuwenhoeks work consider him as an inventor of microscopes. However, he did not invent his single-lens microscope. It is Robert Hookes Micrographia, which illustrates the conjectural benefit of using minimal possible number of lenses. Hooke also provided a detailed description of the process of the creation of small round lenses that involved the drawing and fusion of fine glass whiskers into tiny spheres. His technique included the fixing of multiple spheres to a sheet of wax for simultaneous pulverization and polishing of the attachment sites of the whiskers. His methodical approach reveals his practical experience in the construction of such lenses. He even explained the process of mounting a tiny single-lens on a needle-hole perforated through a thin metal plate, which was in exact resemblance with Van Leeuwenhoek microscope. Hooke presumed them to be the superior microscopes, but the annoying twirl of fate introduced him to a mordant outcome when the difficulty of their usage surfaced due to the need of holding them close to the eye. But as it is said that it is the lifes excruciating experiences that account to the learning of survival, such occurrence encouraged him to add an extra lens near the eye. This modification gave birth to the compound microscope and the lens is known as the eyepiece lens. Hookes indulgement with the microscope shows the possibility of Van Leeuwenhoek picking up his design from Hooke, and therefore an speculation can be drawn that the later one is better viewed as a discoverer rather than as an inventor. Even though we are to be believed, that Leeuwenhoek was the one who used to ground his lenses, but the fact is that its authenticity will always lurk behind ambiguity. His unvarying dissembling that an exceptional requirement of time, skill and effort were coherent ingredients of his construction method, is consistent with his common unwillingness to teach or encourage competitors. In the dearth of direct evidence, it can at least be speculated that he actually copied Hookes procedure and fabricated lenses by pulling and fusing spherical globules with smoother planes than he could ever have accomplished by grinding. Once, a German sojourner Zacharias Konrad Zetloch Von Uffenbach gave a long visit to Van Leeuwenhoek who chivalrously entertained him with countless wonders. However, instead of expressing his gratitude, the former one ungraciously wrote in memoir: When we further inquired of Herr Leeuwenhoek whether he ground all his lenses, and did not blow any? He denied this, but displayed great contempt for the blown glasses. He pointed out to us how thin his  microscopia were, compared with others  (This phrase seems to indicate that one man or the other had seen instruments of like construction that may have predated Antonjs own. ed.),  and how close together the  laminae  were between which the lens lay, so that no spherical glass could be thus mounted; all his lenses being ground, contrariwise, convex on both sides. As regards the blown glasses, Herr Leeuwenhoek assured us that he had succeeded, after ten years speculation, in learning how to blow a serviceable kind of glasses which were not round. My brother was unwilling to believe this, but took it for a  Dutch joke (a snide German euphemism for a lie ed.); since it is impossible, by blowing, to form anything but a sphere, or rounded end.   von Uffenbach, 1710. Despite of the nature of Uffenbachs excerpt, the inducement of too much effort of the individual grinding of each lens is undeniable in comparison to the ones that are fabricated in a span of one of two minutes via a spirit lamp and a blowpipe. In a sharp contrast to the modern method, which governs the usage of a single microscope and numerous disposable slides fixed placed on a fixed or moveable stage, Leeuwenhoek was in a habit of building a new microscope for separate captivating specimen. He considered the complete instruments as permanent settings for his choicest specimens, which is why it can be speculated that he might have built hundreds of them. Due the secrecy that Leeuwenhoek maintains in his methods, the predictability of his works always share ambiguity; for an example, it is still unclear that how he obtained the necessary illumination to achieve his remarkable results. Clifford Dobell suggested that he might have discovered some simple method of dark-ground illumination, whereas Barnett Cohen contradictorily stated that Van Leeuwenhoek might have exploited the optical properties of spherical drops of fluid containing the objects under observation. THE ARCHWAY OF A DISCOVERER Leeuwenhoek through his resilient genius gave the field of Microbiology numerous discoveries that provided the foothold of which it boasts today. His researches in the life history of the lower forms of animal life directly counteracted the accepted principle that they are a result of spontaneous regeneration or bred from corruption. He also showed that the weevils of granaries that in his times were commonly assumed to be bred from wheat, are grubs hatched from eggs deposited by winged insects. In his chapter on the flea, he not only provided a detailed description on his structure, but also traced out the whole history of its metamorphoses from its first emergence from the egg to the adulthood. Even today, if we perform a thorough observation of its growth process, we will find it extremely captivating. It is owed not so much for the precision of his observation, as for its incidental disclosure of the extraordinary unawareness that was in existence back then in regard to the origin and propagation of this minuscule and despised creature, which some affirmed to be generated from sand, others from dust, others from the dung of pigeon and others from urine, but which he demonstrated to be gifted with as great excellence in its kind as any large animal, and proved to breed in the regular way of winged insects. He even made the note of the fact that the pupa of the flea is sometimes attacked and fed upon by a mite. This very particular observation suggested the well-known lines of Jonathan Swift. Being drawn to the blighting of the young shoots of fruit trees that was generally attributed the ants found upon them, Leeuwenhoek was the first to find the Aphides, the ones responsible for the ailment. He then made a thorough investigation in the history of their generation and observed the young existing in the bodies of their parents. He also did a vigilant study of the history of the ant and was the first to reveal that the commonly supposed ant eggs are really their pupae, holding the perfect insect nearly ready for emersion, at the same time the true eggs are far smaller, and give origin to maggots or larvae. He also provided a detailed explanation of another fact that sea mussel and other shellfish are not generated out of the mud or sand found on the seashore or the beds of rivers at low water, but from spawn through the regular course of generation. This way he successfully counteracted to the defense of Aristotles doctrine put forward by F. Buonanni, a learned Jesuit of Rome. He maintained the same in proving the authenticity of the freshwater mussels origination. The observation that he did on their ova was so precise that he witnessed the rotation of the embryo, a phenomenon that is believed to share its part of revelation long afterwards. With an equal enthusiasm, he investigated the generation of eels, which at that time were commonly supposed to be produced from dew without the ordinary process of generation. It is a surprise that the individuals who were a believer in it did not only comprise of ignorant, but respectable and learned men too. He not only entertained himself as the first discoverer of the rotifers, but he depicted hoe wonderfully nature has provided for the preservation of their species, by their tolerance of the drying-up of the water they inhabit, and the resistance that they generated to the evaporation of the bodily fluids via the construction of an impermeable casing in which they then become enclosed. We can now easily conceive, he says, that in all rainwater which is collected from gutters in cisterns, and in all waters exposed to the air, animalcules may be found; for they may be carried thither by the particles of dust blown about by the winds. A REVELATION SO PROMINENT When the summer steeped on the first step of the seasonal staircase and the year registered itself under 1974, Leeuwenhoek, through the induction of his brilliance, made an important discovery that was going to prove one of the major beneficiaries to the medical field. He provided a description of red blood cells, which was done with so much precision that he outshined his contemporaries Marcello Malpighi and Jan Swammerdam. In a fair estimation he catalogued their size, in modern terminology, 8.5 microns in diameter, the correct value is 7.7 microns. Leeuwenhoek sent a folio of sic pages to the Royal Society, in which he wrote about the microscopy of blood, and the structure of bone, teeth, liver, and brain; and the growth of epidermis. He also delivered finely cut sections of his specimens enwrapped in four envelopes pasted to the last sheet of the letter. He prepared them by his own hands for the interest of the society. These samples present great insight into Leeuwenhoeks manual dexterity as a microtomist. However, his talent for sample preparation got erased from the historical leaflets, partially because his later discoveries were so much dazzling that they outshone everything else. The dependency of the precision of his observation was in a direct proportion to his meticulousness that was involved in the preparation of the slice of the sample. This reflects his infinitesimal patience. Many samples were successful in surviving for three-and-a-half centuries and are still viewable under the modern microscopes, but the others were ruined by fungal growth, due to moisture, and it is impossible to study them now. In the same year of 1674, he gave an immaculate description of the beautiful alga Spirogyra and various ciliated and flagellated protozoa that he discovered in a single vial of pond scum, which he had taken from the Berkelse Mere, a small lake near Delft. This occasion could be considered the simultaneous births of the fields of Microbiology, protozoology (now called protistology) and phycology. He also found that yeast consists of individual plant-like organisms. Eight years later in 1682, Leeuwenhoek gave a clarified description of the nucleus within the red blood cells of fish, and in the year that followed, he perceived the sedimentation of erythrocytes from a suspension and their lysis on the addition of water. In the same year, he discovered the lymphatic capillaries and mentioned them in the description of blood capillaries in the intestine. He explained them as different capillaries containing a white fluid, like milk. THE INGREDIENT OF PROSPERITY For the next couple of years Leeuwenhoek depicted negligible accomplishment in explaining anything that could lead to the extraordinary advancement of the science of his time. His observations concerning the circulatory system of transparent tadpoles were obsolete, which only strengthened the popular notion of him following Swammerdam, Hooke and other anatomists. A time came when it seemed the Van would become only a little better than an average anatomist. Then, fate took a favourable turn of the situation when in 1676 he shifted his focus on the objects that existed in the blind corner of the anatomists. They included; cheese-rind fungi, animal sperm, bile liquid from different species of animals, crystals formed in urine, exploding gun powder, plaque that he extracted from his teeth, melted snow and a few others. However, the turning point of his career and the one that can be related to the origination of biology occurred when he attempted to interpret black pepper, the spice that was the reason for numerous European merchants prosperity, and an invaluable ingredient to the Dutch painters still-life masterpieces. The cause of his curiosity was his want to understand the reason behind the sweltering hot sensation that it caused in the mouth. Thorny protrusions resembling the ones found in thistle or a nettle were the ones that touched his expectations. He presumed them as the entities that stung the tongue. However the revelation that the dry peppercorn provided when observed under his microscope, hardly matched his satisfaction. This led him to think that it is the combination with the saliva that initiates these thorns into action. Therefore, he drenched the peppercorns in sterile water, but when he looked at the soaked peppercorns, instead of burry edges, he saw miniscule entities swimming in the water. However, that thought of those things to be some animalcules didnt appear in his mind. The examination of many types of water has grafted in him a very good understanding of waters purity, depending on the source. He had used sterile water from melted snow and covered the dish tightly so that nothing could fly from the air in the room. A couple of days later when he observed the pepper-water under his lens, he mentioned the observation something like this, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the water is so thick with them, that you might almost imagine you were looking at the spawn of fish, when the fish discharges its roe. His comprehensive notes reveal that he witnessed the existence of bacilli in that water. His experimentation continued from the month of April to the August with pepper-water. He made a note of everything he did and saw. Once Leeuwenhoek was done with pepper, he shifted his attention on ginger, cloves and nutmeg. He soaked them and observed under his microscope, but not to unearth the reason of their taste, he wanted to compare their animalcules with those of pepper-water. From his meticulous description of his observation of the spice waters and other diverse natural waters, it becomes apparent that he saw flagellates, ciliates, bacteria and rotifers. Leeuwenhoeks 18th letter to the Royal Society is regarded as is most striking and immaculate account of description. It is also known as the letter on protozoa, it consists of seventeen pages of closely written text in a neat, small handwriting. A copy of the letter was also delivered to Constantijn Huygens, Christians father. It

The Schoolchildren’s Blizzard Analysis Essay -- children’s blizzard, sn

â€Å"At 12:42 p.m. the air was perfectly calm for about one minute; the next minute the sky was completely overcast by heavy black clouds which, for a few minutes previous, had hung along the western and northwestern horizon, and the wind veered to the west and blew with such violence as to render the position of the observer on the roof unsafe. The air was immediately filled with snow as fine as sifted flour† (Potter). No one expected the blizzard that would soon come rolling over to create some of the unfortunate deaths. Now, the questions are what exactly happened during the storm, how are snowstorms created, and what damages it caused. On January 12, 1888, the Children’s Blizzard hits part of the Northwest Plains. This blizzard is also known as the Schoolchildren’s Blizzard or Schoolhouse Blizzard (Potter). The name is associated with schoolchildren’s because it was mostly children trying to go back home, that froze to death along their way. It was such a beautiful day, just like one of those days someone would have in April, that no one would have suspected such a bitter snowstorm to come. The blizzard came when a cold, arctic wind from Canada met with the winds that came from the south. Everyone, including the kids, were dressed up with short sleeves. Just like how somebody would wear on a hot, spring day. The air from Canada carried heavy snow and harsh winds along with it, causing the hurricane (Blizzard Brings Tragedy to Northwest Plains). The Children’s Blizzard hit both of South and North Dakota (back then in 1888, it was one territory), Nebraska, Minnesota, Montana, Wyoming, and Idaho, causing lots of heartbroken and unexpected deaths (McLeod). â€Å"Temperature dropped from above freezing in many areas to well below z... ...izzard Brings Tragedy to Northwest Plains." History.com. A&E Television Networks, 12 Jan. 2007. Web. 25 Feb. 2014. NWS Internet Services Team. "Glossary - NOAA's National Weather Service."Glossary - NOAA's National Weather Service. National Weather Service, 25 June 2009. Web. 02 Mar. 2014. "What Is a Blizzard?" Weather Questions. Weather Questions, 30 Nov. 2010. Web. 03 Mar. 2014. "Snow Storms: What's a Blizzard." Forces of Nature: TQ 2000. Web. 3 Mar. 2014. . Laukaitis, Algis J. "The Blizzard of 1888 -- the Force of a White Hurricane -- Hit 125 Years Ago." JournalStar.com. JournalStar, 11 Jan. 2013. Web. 04 Mar. 2014. "Snowstorms Throughout History." Kent Heating AAAHeatingAC. AAA Heating AC. Web. 04 Mar. 2014. "Blizzards." Blizzard. Oracle' ThinkQuest. Web. 04 Mar. 2014. The Schoolchildren’s Blizzard Analysis Essay -- children’s blizzard, sn â€Å"At 12:42 p.m. the air was perfectly calm for about one minute; the next minute the sky was completely overcast by heavy black clouds which, for a few minutes previous, had hung along the western and northwestern horizon, and the wind veered to the west and blew with such violence as to render the position of the observer on the roof unsafe. The air was immediately filled with snow as fine as sifted flour† (Potter). No one expected the blizzard that would soon come rolling over to create some of the unfortunate deaths. Now, the questions are what exactly happened during the storm, how are snowstorms created, and what damages it caused. On January 12, 1888, the Children’s Blizzard hits part of the Northwest Plains. This blizzard is also known as the Schoolchildren’s Blizzard or Schoolhouse Blizzard (Potter). The name is associated with schoolchildren’s because it was mostly children trying to go back home, that froze to death along their way. It was such a beautiful day, just like one of those days someone would have in April, that no one would have suspected such a bitter snowstorm to come. The blizzard came when a cold, arctic wind from Canada met with the winds that came from the south. Everyone, including the kids, were dressed up with short sleeves. Just like how somebody would wear on a hot, spring day. The air from Canada carried heavy snow and harsh winds along with it, causing the hurricane (Blizzard Brings Tragedy to Northwest Plains). The Children’s Blizzard hit both of South and North Dakota (back then in 1888, it was one territory), Nebraska, Minnesota, Montana, Wyoming, and Idaho, causing lots of heartbroken and unexpected deaths (McLeod). â€Å"Temperature dropped from above freezing in many areas to well below z... ...izzard Brings Tragedy to Northwest Plains." History.com. A&E Television Networks, 12 Jan. 2007. Web. 25 Feb. 2014. NWS Internet Services Team. "Glossary - NOAA's National Weather Service."Glossary - NOAA's National Weather Service. National Weather Service, 25 June 2009. Web. 02 Mar. 2014. "What Is a Blizzard?" Weather Questions. Weather Questions, 30 Nov. 2010. Web. 03 Mar. 2014. "Snow Storms: What's a Blizzard." Forces of Nature: TQ 2000. Web. 3 Mar. 2014. . Laukaitis, Algis J. "The Blizzard of 1888 -- the Force of a White Hurricane -- Hit 125 Years Ago." JournalStar.com. JournalStar, 11 Jan. 2013. Web. 04 Mar. 2014. "Snowstorms Throughout History." Kent Heating AAAHeatingAC. AAA Heating AC. Web. 04 Mar. 2014. "Blizzards." Blizzard. Oracle' ThinkQuest. Web. 04 Mar. 2014.

The Dangers of Obedience to Authority: Writing and Reading Across the Cirriculum

As a child growing up, everyone was told â€Å"respect your elders† or â€Å"listen and obey†. As children grow into teenagers, they start pushing the boundaries to see who they really need to obey. Throughout adulthood, though people have fewer and fewer authority figures as the years go by, everyone must obey someone. Though we all have someone to obey, when does the respectful obedience cross the line into dangerous territory? Obedience becomes dangerous when it becomes physically or mentally harmful to one’s self or society.Physical abuse to one’s self or another person is dangerous, period. What is even more frightening is when someone hurts themselves or others due to an authority figure’s direct influence on them. In the infamous psychologist, Stanley Milgram’s, experiment, people were told to administer shock to a peer for not answering a question correctly. This experiment shows the dangers of obeying authority. Though the â€Å"pee rs† were acting, the subjects fully believed they were truly administering shock to another human being.This shows that the line between respectful obedience to an authority figure and a dangerous subservience to a fear striking leader is crossed when one person begins or attempts to injure one’s self or another because of a fearful obligation placed upon them. Some may argue that police officers cross the line when they use â€Å"excessive force† on a perpetrator because they are hurting another person due to the description of their job by the local government. While this is a valid point, if an officer is forced to cause physical harm to someone, he or she has been provoked by the offender and are simply doing their job.Mental or emotional abuse is generally not the first thing most people think of when they hear the word obedience. Though it is not often spoken of, mental abuse occurs often when an authority figure abuses their power to break down the psychol ogical barriers that one may have in order to get the person to obey. This tactic was used in the â€Å"Stanford Prison Experiment† when the â€Å"guards† began calling the â€Å"prisoners† by their numbers instead of names and granted admission to the â€Å"privileged cell† in order to maintain control over the prisoners. Because of the psychological games played by ome authority figures, the line between obedience and danger is crossed and can become harmful to a person’s incredibly fragile mental health, causing them to have thoughts of suicide or murder. Some may argue that mind games are the safest and easiest way to keep structure and order when dealing with a person of lesser authority. However, psychological warfare, such as the mind games that were used in the â€Å"Stanford Prison Experiment†, can leave some of the worst scars on a person due to post traumatic stress disorder as well as depression which can lead to suicide.Obedienc e to society is not often thought of when dealing with this particular topic. The power of a majority is usually far underestimated. Just as shown in the article â€Å"The Power of Situations† with the line test, most people will override their own eyes to believe what they are told the majority believes or thinks. Society can be a very harmful entity when trying to influence the masses. This statement especially applies when dealing with teenagers. For example, when most teenagers are in a situation where they feel everyone else is doing something they know is wrong, they will usually â€Å"go with the flow† and follow what the crowd does.In a study conducted by the â€Å"D. A. R. E. † group showed that, while people who try to pressure teens to smoke say â€Å"everyone does it†, in fact only 11% percent of teens actually smoke. Though teen smoking at all is not good, 11% is much better than everyone. Some may say that obedience to society is promoting c onformity which is good for our justice system as well as the status quo. However, the idea that everyone must be the same, think the same, and have the same emotions is not only sad, but also nips creative thinking in the bud.Without creative thinkers, how would our world see in the dark? Conformity is alright to an extent, but when it impedes progress, it becomes a danger to society and future generations. While a due respect and obedience should be given to authority figures, obedience that becomes harmful, psychologically or physically, to oneself or society in general, crosses the line into the danger zone where it could harm an actual human being or the creative thoughts inside that person.

Summary Guide of Crime and Punishment

Lesson 1: 1. Raskolnikov lives under the roof directly above his landlady in a small, tight garret surrounded by dusty yellow wallpaper and with nothing but a â€Å"clumsy† couch, an unlevel table with three unpainted chairs, and a few books covered in dust from abandonment. The area where he resides in could be described as the lower end of the socio-economic spectrum. The inhabitants include drunkards, prostitutes, and tradesman. 2. Environmental factors such as these breed a despondent outlook on life and a reticent behavior that only sink one’s mind. 3.Raskolnikov possesses two opposing sides of his personality; the compassionate and the selfish. His compassionate side led him to leave money for Marmeladov’s family and lead him to care about the young drunk woman that he tried to save from a rapist. However, his more selfish side caused him to reprimand himself for â€Å"wasting† money on the Marmeladovs and on the drunken stranger. Both aspects of himself create an inner struggle that will most likely continue throughout the story. 4. Marmeladov can be described as in his early fifties, average height, solid build and sparsely balding. Similar article: On Compassion AnalysisHis wife Katherine Ivanovna possesses a delicate, proportionate, slim, tall body at the age of thirty, she still retains brown color in her hair, and her cheeks have red stains from the disease she has. From her previous marriage she gave birth to three children a little boy and two girls. Her oldest child has the age of nine and appears tall and thin. The little boy, the middle child, has just the description of a year older than the youngest child who is six. Marmeladov‘s only child Sonia has the description of in her teenage years.5.I believe others should take pity on Marmeladov instead of despising him because he has shown regret and condemns himself. His character proved weak when he could not keep himself from his drinking problem. He feels remorse from taking his family’s only money to spend it on himself for a selfish reason but his action in returning home to face reproach from his wife gives a feeling of pity.6. Although I understand Katerina Ivanovna’s anxiety I do not sympathize with her. I do not think I would react the way she has. My reaction would focus on finding a job or another means of income. Her actions benefit no one and for that I cannot sympathize.7. Yes, Katerina’s background makes her present situation much more tragic because she had never experienced such hardships before. If she had grown in a humble environment she would have felt a lesser loss and she would have accepted her life a lot more easily.8. In Dostoyevsky’s novel the pawnbroker falls under unsympathetic terms.9. Raskolnikov appears as physically attractive with his dark eyes, blond hair, above average height and well built body though with the exception of his garb.10.Raskolnikov and the pawnbroker have ironic descriptions because the two contradict each other; the pawnbroker has richness while Raskolnikov needs money. Even their descriptions oppose each other one being young and attractive and th e other aged though both dress similarly.11. The character’s actions determine whether they become likeable or not.12. From her actions Sonia can be described as likeable because she sacrificed her virginity for persons she was not related to by blood. Moreover, she continues to give them money aside from leaving her home to keep them safe. Her altruism shows only her benevolent character.13. Mr.Luzhin appears to be likeable from his visits to Dounia. And based on the mother’s letter he seems a sensible man by the way he has handled the situation. His accepting of the possibility in giving Raskolnikov a job and helping Duonia and her mother with their luggage shipping. But nevertheless not enough events have occurred to categorize Mr. Luzhin definitely. 14. Raskolnikov opposes Dounia’s proposed marriage because he believes his sister will marry to save him from his economical situation. 15. Raskolnikov loves his family so much that he will not allow his sister t o marry a man in order to improve his living conditions.He, instead, would continue living the way he has to protect his sister. And his writing to his mother also serves to prove his affection. 16. He juxtaposes his sister’s marriage to Sonia’s prostitution because in return for themselves they receive monetary support. 17. I believe the comparison accurate but other even if one will live respectfully and the other will face derision. 18. Marfa Petrovna, in response to Dounia’s rejection letter to her husband Svidrigailov, proceeds to clear Duonia’s name of all infamy as well as personally apologizing. 9. Raskolnikov occupied himself as a law student and a tutor. 20. Because Raskolnikov found no means to support himself he discontinued his studies. 21. The most outstanding character trait is weakness. Raskolnikov does not posse the ability to fight any and every obstacle in order to carry on. 22. After having drank some vodka at a pub Raskolnikov walks t o Petrovsky Island where he begins to feel the effects of the liquor and so he travels a little further to bushes and goes into a stupor. During his stupor Raskolnikov dreams of his childhood.In the dream he pictured his father and himself walking from a cemetery where his grandmother and younger brother rested just outside of their town near an old tavern. While passing by the old tavern a ruckus called Raskolnikov’s attention the commotion was due to a group of drunkards who coming out of the tavern proceeded to climb onto a wagon attached to an old mare to pull. The man named Mikolka wanted to prove to everyone that his mare could pull them and he began to whip the mare for encouragement but when it became clear that the horse could not he inconsiderately beat the animal all the more harshly.Two other men took up the beat as well. At the sight of everything young Raskolnikov attempts to do something for the mare by running to it and it the action receives a blow to his fac e but does not give in not even when a woman tries to lead him away. Meanwhile the owner Mikolka takes out a shaft and strikes four times unable to kill the miserable animal until he finally brings out a crowbar to finish the animals suffering with two more blows. Raskolnikov feels for the defenseless animal so much that he kisses its bloody face and then turns to attack the man that dealt it so much pain but just before he can his father carries him away. 3. The dream symbolizes the act that Raskolnikov has had in mind to commit murder. It foreshadows both the murder and his reaction after he commits the crime. The vivid description of the horrible beating of the mare implies the same fate of the pawnbroker. And the way he acted as a child illustrates the unimaginable grief he will both feel and have to deal with after the act. 24. Raskolnikov overhears Lizaveta and the peddler’s wife talking about their plans for the following day where they will be away at seven leaving th e pawnbroker alone at home.Lesson 2 1. Coincidence plays the role of justification to Raskolnikov’s murders. He believes that because so many coincidences come about that fate wants him to murder the pawnbroker; he sees fate as a motivator. 2. The first ironic remarks in chapter six are said by the student Raskolnikov overhears talking to the police officer. He speaks of a better world without the pawnbroker by reasoning that she does more harm than good and yet what he suggests (to have someone kill her) completely contradicts to a â€Å"better world. As he continues his conversation with the officer he states, â€Å"I am for justice,† however, no fairness exists when he decides from his own judgment that someone should kill the pawnbroker. Within this same conversation the officer, who holds the job to protect the people, agrees with the student when he says the pawnbroker should die. And towards the end of chapter six Raskolnikov expresses his strong conviction in his acts when he says, â€Å"if judgment fails, the devil takes a hand. Dostoyevsky inputs situational irony having his character believe that he still possesses common sense in committing a murder meanwhile the reader of a lucid mind knows otherwise. In the first chapter of the second part Nastasia refers to the torn, blood-stained rags Raskolnikov holds as â€Å"treasures† when she find him sleeping while holding them, little does Nastasia know that the rags hold a heavy burden. 3. From the very moment Raskolnikov began to think of his crime he said he would take great care and use logic throughout his actions but as he commits the crime he finds himself losing his mind.He misses large details like assuming he would take the ax without any problems and leaving the door open. Not only that but Raskolnikov believed that he was predestined to kill Aliona with good reason but to the contrary he had to plan things (the pledge, the needle, the sling, etc. ) and in the end he kil led Lizaveta without any justification. 4. Raskolnikov acts irrational. 5. Raskolnikov loses his ability to conform to time’s movement after the murders of the two women. 6. If one feels guilty sleep provides an outlet. During sleep the body uses the time to recover and to repair itself.Dreams manifest themselves when the mind becomes afflicted so that one can find a way mend the situation. 7. Guilt has the effect of causing irritability, feelings of remorse, depression, anxiety, dejection, and lack of peace. 8. Most people need to unload themselves from their guilt whether by confession, retribution, or punishment. 9. Raskolnikov demonstrates his need for confession and punishment. After he went back into the anteroom while Koch and the heavier man stood outside the door trying to enter Raskolnikov had thoughts to yell from behind the door so that the men would come in and find him.And while at the police station Raskolnikov remains in his seat after he resolved the I. O. U. issue to admit the crime he committed the day before to Nikodim Fomich the police chief. 10. He takes them and at first places them in the wall of his living quarters behind wallpaper but later decides against it and takes his spoils to a courtyard near Voznesensky Prospect to hide under a large stone. 11. Raskolnikov murdered the old pawnbroker with wishes to do well to others and dedicate the money from the crime to the less fortunate.He did want to rob the woman but for a better cause. 12. Raskolnikov suffers as a result of his action because his mind clutters with insecurity and inability to deal with his crime. Dissimilar to the way he had predicted the outcome Raskolnikov cannot live with the guilt of taking two lives and his subconscious begins to haunt him. 13. Guilt can be both constructive and destructive. Guilt can serve as a motive for someone to help others as a way of dealing with the remorse but it can also eat away at a person and in the long term damage a person ps ychologically. 14.Guilt can be healthy when it teaches right from wrong but it escalates to unhealthy once it begins to harm in such a way that the feelings become uncontrollable. 15. Raskolnikov cannot regain control of his thoughts and his behavior at Razumihin’s apartment shows his self-punishment by refusing work and company to alleviate his situation. 16. Raskolnikov goes to Razumihin’s apartment because he had settled on going after he committed the murders and also in search of work. Lesson 3 1. Raskolnikov’s foil Razumihin possesses characteristics like optimism and determination which Raskolnikov lacks when he falls to hard economic pressure.But even though not perfect compared to Luzhin the snobbish proposed brother-in-law Raskolnikov seems a better person the murder put aside. 2. Raskolnikov only shows interest in the murder case of the pawnbroker and her sister. 3. If Raskolnikov had the opportunity to narrate the story then the majority of the story would lack certainty. Though the first person point of view does include further sensory for the reader the storyline would lose an unbiased view of all the other characters. 4. Razumihin’s character possesses qualities such as selfless, friendly, kind, and above all cheerful. 5.Razumihin shows his amity and concern for Raskolnikov by searching for his friend after a fight, by taking care of Raskolnikov when he took ill, by buying his friend new clothes when he needed them, by talking to the landlady about the money due, and by trying to enliven his friend after his illness. 6. Raskolnikov’s delirious ravings reveal his deep repentance and constant suffering for his crime. 7. Razumihin believes that Nikolay did not commit the murders because he thinks the murderer while trying to escape dropped the box of earring inside the room Nikolay and Dmitry painted during the time they left. . Razumihin’s thought process shows his ability to piece information together an d proves he does not follow the crowd. 9. Luzhin acts rather pretentious and displays excessive self-importance. 10. Raskolnikov detests Luzhin from the moment he speaks and treats him briskly so as to make him leave. 11. Dostoevsky portrays Raskolnikov with more sympathy as opposed to Luzhin. 12. Dostoevsky seems to value sincere, sympathetic and benevolent persons. 13. From his book Dostoevsky describes conceited and condescending characters in unflattering lighting. 14.While at the bar with Zametov Raskolnikov fights an inner battle between confessing to his crime and not letting anyone know. He hints at the crime after Zametov sat at his table because the part of himself that wants to tell the truth cannot keep from suffering until then. However, at the conclusion of their conversation Raskolnikov has played with Zametov’s thoughts that he throws away all possibility of accusing Raskolnikov as the murder. 15. Raskolnikov provokes the murder conversation as soon as Zametov approaches him. 16. Based upon his behavior at the bar, Raskolnikov acts like a coward.Often times through his discussion he leads up to a point but never clearly states his thoughts, he tends to play around the topic leading Zametov to a conclusion but in the end changing his goal. He is too afraid to directly confess and instead tries to allow other s to see the reality but at the last moment chooses to run away from the issue. He also likes to seclude him to reflect. He sequesters himself to think out his plans, judgments, and uncertainty. 17. Raskolnikov following the tavern incident with Zametov goes to the pawnbroker’s old apartment. 8. An example of situational irony becomes evident when the doctor comes to aid the injured Marmeladov and instead of helping speeds up his death by having him bled out. And an example of verbal irony presents itself when Raskolnikov hints at murdering the two women to Zometov in order to free himself of all suspicion. Lesson 4: 1. The way Katerina Ivanovna reacts to her husband’s death enlightens her persona; she cares deeply for him or at the very least holds a caring heart when she does not refuse him in her home.Although she alleged she was glad he died her actions betray her because she forces everyone to leave her husband alone so that his death may be respected. Moreover Katerina sends Polia to search for Sonia so that her husband can see her one last time. She cares about her husband but also cannot forget that he has hurt her and her family. 2. Luzhin’s letter reveals his spiteful character. I think he lied and sent his lackey because of the way Raskolnikov treated him. He not only tries to force the family to break from each other but also allows himself an easy escape from the proposal.Also, his report on the scene at Marmeladov’s home seems purposely dishonest probably with the intention of hurting Raskolnikov character in his mother and sister’s eyes. 3. Marmeladov’s at tempted suicide incites feelings inside Raskolnikov that lead him to help the man and his family. Helping the family causes Raskolnikov to feel like he has a purpose and also allows him to amend for his crime. I believe that when Raskolnikov gave Katerina the kopecks for the funeral in his mind he recalled the purpose of killing the pawnbroker. 4. Due to her lifestyle Sonia dresses in an irregular manner.When she appeared at Marmeladov’s home she wore a long gaudy silk dress with a train alongside her bright colored shoes and her ridiculous parasol in addition to her straw hat with a red feather. She has blonde hair and blue eyes and her thin, pale physique describe her as very pretty despite her garb. 5. Dounia and her brother posses like character qualities; they are very proud, intelligent, and headstrong. Lesson 5 1. Sonia’s reaction to the polite behavior of Raskolnikov’s family reveals that she does not value herself as a person because of her lifestyle. 2 . The fifty-year-old newcomer to St.Petersburg lives in a room next to Sonia’s; in Madame Gertrude Karlovna Resslich’s. 3. From a strategic point, the playful manner that Raskolnikov and Razumikhin entered Porfiry’s room proves effective because the atmosphere inside the room lightens to Raskolnikov’s favor so that his nerves do not give him away, the scene also serves to distract Porfiry from interrogating Raskolnikov and strengthen the feelings of Razumikhin toward his friend. 4. Because Porfiry acts in a happy, sociable manner but yet his facial expressions and the manner in which he looks at persons shows a clear contradiction. 5.When Porfiry repeated the words â€Å"ordinary† and â€Å"extraordinary† Raskolnikov became aware that Porfiry wanted to challenge his views and investigate whether he thought he qualified as part of the â€Å"extraordinary† persons exempt from law. 6. Raskolnikov’s main points From his article in the Periodical Review are: â€Å"extraordinary† and â€Å"ordinary† persons exist, the â€Å"extraordinary† can take lives for a worthy cause, and the â€Å"masses† will always punish those who commit murder no matter the reason. 7. The fact that Porfiry read and studied Raskolnikov’s article reveals that he not only suspects Raskolnikov but that he also has a clever mind. . No, Porfiry does not question Raskolnikov in a traditional police manner. 9. Yes, Porfiry acted sarcastically in his discussion about Raskolnikov’s theory. 10. Porfiry does not appear as a formidable opponent at first. 11. Porfiry’s friendly disposition can very likely cause a criminal to mistrust him and act all the more fearful. 12. Porfiry’s lighthearted manner gives way when he asks Raskolnikov whether he thinks himself as an â€Å"extraordinary† man who could take the lives of others for enlightenment. 13. I believe Porfiry categorized Raskolnik ov as a suspect. 14.Razumikhin’s reaction to Porfiry’s question about the painters further describes his character as loyal. 15. Porfiry asks Raskolnikov if he believed in Lazarus rising from the dead to test his beliefs. 16. As he walks home Raskolnikov encounters a stranger who calls him a murder. 17. Raskolnikov begins to believe that his actions were not worthy of his theory because he questions his motives and whether he falls under the â€Å"extraordinary† category. 18. The dream about the old woman reveals his fears of being an average person and not the â€Å"extraordinary† man when the old woman laughs at his inability to kill her. 9. Svidrigailov visits Raskolnikov after his dream. 20. Svidrigailov has treated Marfa Petrovna and others with some form of civility. Although he showed no compassion for Fil’ka he did not act completely uncivil. As for Marfa he stayed with her throughout their marriage even after she gave him his freedom. His treatment of Dounia presented itself as disrespectful but his present actions to save her from Luzhin shows that he is sympathetic. 21. Svidrigailov’s dreams (the apparitions) reveal his grieving for his late wife. 22.Raskolnikov and Svidrigailov seem alike in that they both sick. Raskolnikov from his crime suffers delirium, fainting, and mental anguish and likewise Svidrigailov suffers from ghost visits from his wife and his servant. 23. Svidrigailov and Raskolnikov have differing personalities. Svidrigailov seems calmer and can control his feelings and actions while Raskolnikov cannot and loses his temper often. 24. Svidrigailov offers Raskolnikov ten thousand rubles as a compensation for the unpleasantness he out her though and to lessen the impact of having to break off the engagement with Luzhin.As a skeptic Raskolnikov does not trust this offer. 25. Marfa Petrovna showed her respect for Dounia by leaving three thousand rubles in her will. Lesson 6 1. Luzhin acts polite in his meeting with Raskolnikov and his family. 2. Svidrigailov has caused the suicide of the young deaf girl and of the serf Phillip. 3. I do agree with Luzhin when he says that certain insults cause irreparable harm to relationships. Although not always respected I believe that every relationship has a boundary for protection and not crossing. 4. I agree, Sonia before Luzhin if morality measured.Society would not subordinate Luzhin to Sonia because society would view their class status only. The society would think such an idea outrageous. 5. When rejected by Dounia, Luzhin reminds her of the scandals that tarnished her reputation when Marfa Petrovna threw her out of her home. This action of his behalf discloses him as resentful. 6. Because Luzhin refuses to believe that his relationship with Dounia had come to an end, his character appears not only stubborn but obsessive. 7. Razumihkin proposes a publishing business venture to Raskolnikov. 8.Raskolnikov entrusts Razumihkin with h is family before he goes off. 9. Raskolnikov acts rather cruel to Sonia initially during their interview. 10. Sonia’s religious believes add irony to her character because even though a prostitute she lives with virtues and purity in her soul. 11. Raskolnikov commands Sonia to read the story of Lazarus’ rising from the dead. Sonia shares this story with Raskolnikov as if she shared an epiphany. She adds feeling to the story by her form of reading it. 12. Raskolnikov sees himself and Sonia as parallels because they have both â€Å"transgressed† and ended the life of omeone. 13. The reason why Raskolnikov will ultimately confess his crime to Sonia is because she will not judge him as harshly as the others because she has shame in her actions and the way she lives. 14. Svidrigailov listens to Sonia and Raskolnikov’s conversation on the other side of the wall. 15. Svidrigailov’s knowledge of the crime would give him leverage against Raskolnikov and wit h the upper hand he can ultimately extortion Raskolnikov. 16. Porfiry’s engagement in meaningless small talk before talking about the crime appears intentional.This technique raises Raskolnikov’s suspicion. 17. (From Lesson 7)The repetition of the word capital is ironic because the true meaning of capital refers to an object of monetary value while Sonia though a prostitute is a person and not an object. 18. Porfiry suspect Raskolnikov as the murderer but lacks substantial evidence. Raskolnikov does not know the degree Porfiry considers him as the murderer. 19. Porfiry does not arrest Raskolnikov because he lacks palpable evidence and Nikolay’s confession has surprised him.Also, he chooses to wait for Raskolnikov to make a blunder and cause himself to allow his guilt to manifest. 20. Raskolnikov’s emotional state during the interview is anxious and temperamental. He struggles to understand how much Porfiry knows about him and due to his anxiety makes mist akes by having outbursts that only increase Porfiry’s suspicion. 21. Porfiry possesses control over Raskolnikov. He presses Raskolnikov to his anxious state and only by luck does Raskolnikov manage to dodge his confession. 22. Porfiry knows that Raskolnikov visited the crime scene. 23.Because of Nikolay’s sudden burst into the room and confession to the murder Porfiry’s plans for Raskolnikov’s confession do not succeed. 24. The man hiding behind the door at Porfiry’s office presented himself as the same man that called Raskolnikov a murderer on the street the day before. Ironically the man apologizes when Raskolnikov truly committed the crime and he deserved his plight. Lesson 7 1. Luzhin regrets his lack of generosity toward Dounia and her mother because if he had then the two would consider breaking off the engagement with more difficulty. 2.Dostoevsky mocks Lebeziatnikov by describing the disparity between his physique (scrawny, little, etc) and his arrogant character. He also makes Lebeziatnikov look like a mindless follower to any idea that becomes fashionable. 3. Luzhin gave Sonia a ten ruble note to help Katerina Ivanovna. 4. Katerina Ivanovna had the funeral brunch in spite of her financial circumstance because of her pride. She wanted to boast that she lived well-off and not like the rest of them. Katerina did not want anyone to pity her or her circumstance and instead have them think that she rose above them. 5.When Katerina’s landlady helps with the funeral brunch Katerina resents her because she blames her landlady for the miserable guests that appear at the brunch. Also, because Katerina holds her in contempt due to the manner she dressed for the festivities that she expected to center around herself. 6. Some ironic circumstance during the funeral brunch 7. Luzhin attempted to incriminate Sonia for stealing his 100 rubles. He did this because he wanted to appear correct about his judgment on Sonia and caus e Raskolnikov to have a falling out with his family. 8. Raskolnikov figures out Luzhin’s motives. . Lebeziatnikov shows his integrity by going to Sonia’s aid when accused of theft. Not to mention he spoke well of her and did not judge her despite her prostitution. 10. Marmeladov’s brunch is both pathetic and humorous because his family tried to honor him but instead only ruin fell onto them and humorous because Katerina acts comical throughout the brunch. She argues with her landlady and the tenants cause her to fuss all the more. 11. Raskolnikov approaches Sonia by asking her to choose between Luzhin and her stepmother to remain alive as a way to compel her to understand his acts of murder. 2. Raskolnikov goes through two main emotions before confessing to Sonia; he at first becomes excited to tell her and share his guilt to feel better but then becomes frightened and turned pale right before his confession. 13. Raskolnikov saw that Sonia and Lizaveta both had childlike characteristics in their fear. 14. Sonia reacts with sympathy toward Raskolnikov after he confesses. 15. Sonia eagerly holds Raskolnikov’s living situation and needs responsible for his crime in order to make the murders more comprehensible. 6. Raskolnikov’s theory sounds base when he tries to explain it to Sonia. 17. Raskolnikov attributes the crimes to his own vanity. 18. Sonia advises Raskolnikov to confess his crimes and suffer through punishment for redemption. 19. Egbrde 20. Sonia attempts to give Raskolnikov the cross to help him confess and work toward inner peace. 21. Raskolnikov is not ready to receive his â€Å"cross† yet because he still feels like the circumstance situated themselves in his favor because he does not fall in with the â€Å"ordinary† people.Lesson 8: 1. Out on the street Katerina acted out of exasperation. By dressing up the children and forcing them to sing and dance on the streets she tries to find a way of providin g from them without relying on Sonia. Katerina Ivanovna behavior resembled a madwoman but can be justified due to her tragic situation. 2. While on the street many of the spectators followed Katerina, very few gave her money and most laughed at her performance. People from this time would react without neglect.In viewing a homeless seemingly insane woman out on the street with her children begging they might offer her help or money but her actions would not be seen as a joke. In today’s world such circumstances would provoke favorable reaction. 3. Dounia does not judge and goes as far as offering her life to Raskolnikov. Instead of scolding him she tries to justify his actions with the information she now knows about the underlying investigation. 4. Katerina feels she has suffered through so much in her life that she has no need for a priest because she has no sins for the priest to absolve.Her attitude suggests her loss of faith in God. 5. Churches do not have the obligation to help those in their congregation. 6. Katerina does not act too exaggerated to arouse the reader’s sympathy. Her sickness and the inability to conform to her life cause some form of pity if not for her then for her children. 7. Svidrigailov places Katerina’s children in a respectable orphanage and leaves them all money for their bringing up. 8. Svidrigailov reveals to Raskolnikov that he lives next to her apartment and overheard his confession. 9.Raskolnikov thinks Luzhin has sent the letter to Dounia. 10. Because Svidrigailov has overheard Raskolnikov’s confession to Sonia he becomes worried that Svidrigailov will use the information to further his designs for Dounia. 11. Razumihin did once believe Raskolnikov the true murderer of the pawnbroker but now after Nikolay’s confession he thinks Raskolnikov could not have been the murderer. 12. Raskolnikov does not believe that Porfiry suspects Nikolay because of their last encounter. 13. Porfiry comes to s ee Raskolnikov for an explanation and to accuse Raskolnikov of murder. 14.Porfiry reveals his reasons why he began to suspect Raskolnikov as the murder, why he believes Nikolay takes on the burden of another, and why Raskolnikov should confess before his arrest. 15. Nikolay confessed because he believed in accepting suffering. 16. Porfiry openly calls Raskolnikov a murderer. 17. Porfiry proposes to speak to the judge in his favor if Raskolnikov confesses himself. 18. Raskolnikov does not care about lessening the sentence. 19. Porfiry warns Raskolnikov of committing suicide. He asks Raskolnikov to leave a letter disclosing the location of the objects he stole. 20. Svidrigailov wanted to 21.Marfa Petrovna and Svidrigailov orally agreed that: he would never leave her, he would always ask for her permission to travel anywhere, he would never take a permanent mistress, he could choose his maids if he asked her directly, he would not fall in love with someone of their class, and he would tell her openly of his feelings. 22. We find out from Svidrigailov that Dounia was compassionate, chaste, and susceptible by flattery. 23. Svidrigailov has engaged himself to a fifteen year old girl with a family of terrible circumstance. He is very fond of the child-like appearance and has brought money as well as jewelry to his new fiance. 4. Svidrigailov attributes his ability to seduce women with principles to flattery. 25. The new engagement between the fifteen-year-old girl and Svidrigailov would, to say the least, disgust the reader. The new engagement is a surprise but the depravity of the act serves to expose the true character of Svidrigailov. Lesson 9: 1. Svidrigailov traps Dounia by sending her a letter about Raskolnikov’s murders and then by placing her brother’s fate in her hands. Dounia prepared herself by taking the late Marfa Petrovna’s revolver and using it for self-defense.However, after discharging it twice and only grazing Svidrigailov sligh tly she cannot kill the man and instead pleads for her freedom. 2. According to Svidrigailov Raskolnikov suffers because jbhiugbuibi; 3. Svidrigailov offers to take Dounia, her brother, and mother away with him away to help Raskolnikov. 4. Dounia accuses Svidrigailov of poisoning his late wife and this suggestion only emboldens Luzhin’s earlier implications about Marfa Petrovna’s death. 5. Svidrigailov also wants Dounia to love him or at the very least accept him aside from a physical relationship. . Raskolnikov and Svidrigailov both hallucinate because of the persons they harmed, suffer because of their ideology, and act however they please whether for positive or negative. 7. Because Raskolnikov confesses his crime and begins to reject his theory he moves closer to becoming a better person unlike Svidrigailov who lacks remorse. And though they both perform acts of random kindness Svidrigailov more often than not has an underlying reason. Also, Svidrigailov does not i solate himself the way Raskolnikov has done despite their similar ideology. 8. Bgsjbgfvkdeb 9.Bgrde 10. Svidrigailov commits suicide because of Dounia’s rejection, he can no longer be happy pleasing himself because he has found something he desperately wants but cannot have. Because of Dounia’s rejection his â€Å"happy† world crashes and he realizes the mistake in his life has been. 11. When Svidrigailov shoots himself Raskolnikov contemplates confessing himself and going to see his mother. 12. While visiting his mother the two have an intimate moment alone. Pulcheria tries to justify Raskolnikov’s behavior throughout her visit after reading his article â€Å"On Crime. Raskolnikov tries to make amends to his mother for causing her so much grief before he confesses to his crime but even then continues to worry his mother. 13. At the crossroads Rodia kisses the ground in an attempt to publically declare himself as a murderer. 14. Svidrigailov’s sui cide causes Raskolnikov to such a shock that he walks out of the Police Station without admitting to his crime. 15. After hearing about Svidrigailov’s suicide from Ilia Petrovich Sonia’s presence waiting outside prevents Raskolnikov from leaving without confessing to murder. 16.In my opinion, the Epilogue stands as an enlightening piece needed to complete the book. Without the Epilogue the reader would question whether or not Raskolnikov redeemed himself and ask about the situation within the family. 17. Raskolnikov must fulfill a sentence of hard labor in the second degree for eight years. 18. Considering all the testimony in favor of Raskolnikov the sentence was severe enough in my opinion. Even without the insanity plea Raskolnikov’s character did not mean to cause horrible harm, his intentions though not justified can allow for some mitigating effect in his case. 9. Razumihin manages to bring into light the good deeds Raskolnikov did during the trial. He tes tified that Raskolnikov helped a student until his death and even continued to aid the student’s father, placing him in a hospital until his death. The widowed landlady, too, testified that Raskolnikov had gone into a burning building to save two children and received marks from such an event. 20. Dounia and Razumihin ended up married. 21. I do believe Pulcheria knew about her son’s crimes but refused to believe it because the corruption overwhelmed her.Not only from the article but also from the rumors that had been around when they had first came to St. Petersburg were more than enough to show Pulcheria some form of distortion in her son’s character. 22. Rodia acted indifferent inside prison. 23. The rest of the prisoners despised Raskolnikov because of his atheistic believes. 24. Raskolnikov’s attitude for Sonia changed after she became ill and no longer visited him. 25. Pride made Raskolnikov ill in prison. 26. Raskolnikov does not seize believing in his theory because he dreams of a world with similar beliefs that some are chosen to live and others must not.He also believes that he did nothing wrong and does not feel guilty. 27. While ill Raskolnikov dreams of a world-wide plague affecting everyone. The â€Å"chosen† and the â€Å"pure† escape death but those affected suffer from an illness much like egoism, the persons cannot find a way to live with each other and in short term conclude to killing one another. 28. According to Raskolnikov he fails as a successful criminal because he failed to complete his act without being caught. 29. His love, affection, and newly acquired senses of renewal manage to save Raskolnikov and in a way redeem his character.