How to Cite Hamilton An American Musical

How to Cite Hamilton An American Musical (6) Hamilton: An American Musical is one of the most popular and critically-acclaimed Broadway shows ever, earning $3.3 million in one week in 2016. So what do you do if you want to cite a show like Hamilton in your research paper? This guide can help! How you experienced Hamilton will affect the formatting of your citation. For example, if you saw the show in person, your citation will be different than if you read the play or listened to the soundtrack. Let’s take a more in-depth look at some of the most frequently used formatting options. Please note that these examples are not comprehensive, and you should always check with your teacher if you have any questions about how to make your citations. To cite a play or musical properly, identify as many of the following pieces of information as possible or applicable to your citation: Playwright Name(s) of the main performer (s) Play Title (in quotes) Publication Title (italicized) Editor Publisher Record Label/Studio Publication Year Publication City Page Number (p.) or Page Numbers (pp.) A. How to cite Hamilton from a publication: MLA Format (8th edition) Use the following structure to cite a published play in MLA format: Playwright last name, First name. “Play Title.” Publication Title, edited by Editor First and Last name, Publication Year, Page numbers. Here’s how the above example looks in MLA format: Miranda, Lin-Manuel. “Hamilton: An American Musical.” Hamilton: The Revolution, edited by Jeremy McCarter, Grand Central Publishing, 2016, pp. 23-26. APA Format Use the following structure to cite a published play in APA format: Playwright last name, First initial. (Year published). Play title. In Editor first initial. Last name (Ed.), Publication Title (Page numbers). Publication City: Publisher. Here’s how the above example looks as an APA citation: Miranda, L. (2016). Hamilton: an American musical. In J. McCarter (Ed.), Hamilton: the revolution (pp. 23-26). New York: Grand Central Publishing. Chicago Format Use the following structure to cite a published play in Chicago format: Playwright Last name, First name. “Play Title.” In Publication Title. Edited by Editor Name. Publication City: Publisher, Publication date. Here’s how the above example looks in Chicago format: Miranda, Lin-Manuel. “Hamilton: An American Musical.” In Hamilton: The Revolution. Edited by Jeremy McCarter. New York: Grand Central Publishing, 2016. B. How to cite Hamilton as a live performance: MLA Format (8th edition) Use the following structure to cite a live performance in MLA format: Performance Title. By Playwright First Name Last Name, directed by Director First Name Last Name, Date Seen, Theatre, City, State. Performance. Here’s how the above example looks in MLA format: Hamilton: An American Musical. By Lin-Manuel Miranda, directed by Thomas Kail, 21 Apr. 2016, Richard Rodgers Theatre, New York, NY. Performance. APA Format Use the following structure to cite a live performance in APA format: Playwright Last Name, First Initial (Writer), Director Last Name, First Initial (Director). (Date Seen). Performance title. Live performance at Theater Name, City, State. Here’s how the above example looks in APA format: Miranda, L. (Writer), Kail, T. (Director). (2016, April 21). Hamilton: an American musical. Live performance at the Richard Rodgers Theatre, New York, NY. Chicago Format Use the following structure to cite a live performance in Chicago format: As live performances cannot be referenced directly by the reader, only a reference within the text and a supporting footnote is sufficient in Chicago style. You do not need an entry in the bibliography. Here is an example of a reference within the text and a footnote for Hamilton: In a performance of Lin-Manuel Miranda’s Hamilton at the Richard Rodgers Theatre in New York… Hamilton: An American Musical, music and lyrics by Lin-Manuel Miranda, dir. Thomas Kail, Richard Rodgers Theatre, New York, NY, February 2, 2016. C. How to cite the Hamilton soundtrack: MLA Format (8th Edition) Use the following structure to cite a soundtrack in MLA format: Soundtrack Title. Performers’ Names. Record Label/Studio, Year Released. Here’s how the above example looks in MLA format: Hamilton: An America Musical. Performances by Lin-Manuel Miranda, Leslie Odom Jr., Phillipa Soo, and Jonathan Groff. Atlantic Records, 2015. APA Format Use the following structure to cite a soundtrack in APA format: Performer Last Name, First Initial. (Year Released). Soundtrack title [Format of recording]. City where recorded: Record Label/Studio. Here is how the above example looks in APA format: Miranda, L. (2015). Hamilton: an American Musical [MP3]. New York: Atlantic Records.   Chicago Format Use the following structure to cite a soundtrack in Chicago format: Performer Last Name, Performer First Name. Soundtrack Title. Record Label, Year Released, Format of Recording. Here is how the above example looks in Chicago format: Miranda, Lin Manuel. Hamilton: An American Musical. Atlantic Records, 2015, MP3.

The Decameron by Giovanni Boccaccio - 1638 Words

In the book, The Decameron, by Giovanni Boccaccio, there is many tales but I am only going to speak of two.The first tale, Fabricio Goes to Naples, was told by Fiammetta. Fiammetta’s story differs from the rest of the stories by, his has many dangers that occur in one night rather than over a period of years. The second tale, Bernardo di Rossini and His Wife, was told by Dioneo. This story was different than the others by, it was a comedy story, showing to laugh over bad things than over virtuous deeds. In, Fabricio Goes to Naples, a man from Perugia, by the name of Fabricio, sold horses. When Fabricio heard that Naples sold horses at a cheap price, he set out with a purse full of money and some merchants, hoping to receive a good deal. Sadly, he couldnt find a good deal. Even to show he meant business, he foolishly opened his purse to display all of his money. A sicilian lady saw how much money he had and thought, â€Å"Who would make better use of that money than me?† The sicilian lady was with an older sicilian woman, whom knew Fabricio. When the older woman saw Fabricio she greeted him affectionately. Fabricio recognized the woman for she had lived with Fabricio’s father. When the two ladies got back home, the younger lady carefully questioned the older one about Fabricio, in order to find a way to get all of his money. By the time the lady felt she was informed well enough, she knew nearly everything about him, including his family. The younger lady then started to playShow MoreRelated The Decameron by Giovanni Boccaccio2310 Words   |  10 Pagesâ€Å"You are to look upon this grim opening as travelers on foot confront a steep, rugged mountain: beyond it lies a most enchanting plain which they appreciate all the more for having toiled up and down the mountain first,† (Boccaccio, pg. 7). The Decameron, by Giovanni Boccaccio embodies this verse. Until this time period, religion guided society like an invisible hand pushing everyone along. Throughout many generation religion evolved. From polytheism to monotheism, form idols to churches, peopleRead MoreBiography Of Giovanni Boccaccio s Magnum Opus The Decameron 2435 Words   |  10 Pagesplace to place, and so, calamitously, had spread abroad into the Westâ€Å". These are the lines from Giovanni Boccaccio s magnum opus The Decameron , which consists of various tales narrated by seven young women and three young men seeking refuge in a secluded villa outside Florence to escape from one of the greatest catastrophies in human history. The Black Death . Miniature of the Decameron by Taddeo Crivelli from Ferrara (1467) INTRODUCTION: The most memorable example of what hasRead MoreEurope and the Black Death Essay1541 Words   |  7 PagesBlack Death by letters, poems, or even stories. The Decameron, by Giovanni Boccaccio, is a fictional medieval allegory. Within this frame narrative, 100 fictional tales were told by among the characters, describing the life in Italy the same years as the bubonic plague. In the text, Boccaccio depicts a story about ten wealthy Italians fleeing to the countryside after news of this mysterious deadly disease. Through interpretations of the story, Boccaccio gives insight about the Black Death’s effects, believedRead MoreEuropes Response to the Black Death Essay1296 Words   |  6 Pageschose this route, embracing the good side of humanity. While others where lashing out and living recklessly, some chose to take a more reasonable response. Giovanni Boccaccio provides a first hand account of the occurrences surrounding the black plague in the introduction to his stories in From the Decameron. In Giovanni Boccaccio’s From the Decameron: The Plague Hits Florence he depicts one of the more positive responses to the pandemic: Many other people steered a middle course between these two extremesRead MoreAnalysis of Giovanni Boccaccios The Decameron670 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Reaction paper: The Decameron by Giovanni Boccaccio The Decameron by Giovanni Boccaccio is not a singular, enclosed text but rather a series of texts that unfold as a result of a frame tale. The Decameron is set during the plague in Italy, and at the beginning of the story, various people have fled the city and are hiding away in the countryside. They tell tales to pass the time and to amuse themselves and these tales make up The Decameron. The conceit is very similar to that of The CanterburyRead MoreAnalysis Of Boccaccio s The Decameron 1345 Words   |  6 Pages Throughout the various novelle of the Decameron there lies a rather conflicting role of women in relation to the society that Boccaccio s Decameron was set in. From novella to novella the theme of women s gender role fluctuates between misogynistic to feminist. It can be argued that Boccaccio was a feminist ahead of his time or that he shared the traditional views towards women of 14th century Italy. Overall, it is fair to say that Boccaccio does depict women as transcending men in many respectsRead MoreComparison Between Boccaccio s The Decameron 1296 Words   |  6 PagesIn the community that Giovanni Boccaccio’s The Decameron is set in, females are held at a lower social ranking than males. As with most communities up till relatively recently in the past, women were not permitted to have a significant role in the community, other than that of a wife and matriarch. In The Decameron, Boccaccio shows that while they may not have notable social ranking, females do have an a dvantage in most aspects of the male-female relationship. Even though the tales deal with a rangeRead MoreEssay on Comparing Cantebury Tales and The Decameron807 Words   |  4 PagesComparing Cantebury Tales and The Decameron There are many different roles for women shown in â€Å"The Canterbury Tales† and â€Å"The Decameron†. Both books take place around the same time frame, 1300AD. â€Å"The Canterbury Tales†, takes place in London, England and â€Å"The Decameron† takes place in Florence, Italy. It would be just to think that since both books take place in a western civilization, both books would reflect the same morals and daily life styles. This is not the case at all. Throughout thisRead MoreThe Decameron: Misogynist or Feminist?2135 Words   |  9 PagesThe Decameron: A Feminist or Misogynist text? Giovanni Boccaccio is one of the leading Italian writers in the 1300s and has been considered as the father of Italian writing style through his composition of one hundred novelle. The Decameron continuously pictures women not as the objects of discussion but as the active producers and interpreters of their actions. Women are portrayed as they are or as they should be; they are shown to be as aggressive as men are while at the same time they can beRead More The Decameron Essay1759 Words   |  8 PagesThe Decameron BOCCACCIO, GIOVANNI Born in 1313, Giovanni Boccaccio is one of the greatest figures in Italian Literature. He was born in Paris, France by a French woman who remains unknown, but on many occasion he speaks very highly of her. His father is an Italian; they are part of the middle class. As for their professional status, they were Merchants / Bankers. Although, Bocaccio was born out of wedlock, his father legitimized him and took him to his house, provided him with

U.S. Government Essay - 1155 Words

1. Describe how the U.S. Constitution was formed. Use historical dates and references in your answer. The Constitution was completed and adopted in Philadelphia on September 17, 1987. One of its main functions was to ensure the thirteen states became worked as one rather than following separate laws. Before the Constitution there was a weaker government that encompassed many problems and holes that needed ratification. This lead to a convention in order to create a stronger central government that would fix the issues the current government was facing. This convention lead to the birth of the U.S. Constitution, which was and still is considered the supreme law. The Constitutional Convention was held at the State House in Philadelphia†¦show more content†¦The President must enforce laws, appoint the Cabinet members and those who are the heads of government agencies. â€Å"The legislative branch is the law making branch of government made up of the Senate, the House of Representatives, and agencies that support Congress.† (USA.gov) The job of this branch is to write the bills. If a bill does not pass in Congress it will not go to the President. The Legislative Branch is made of 535 people, 100 of whom are senators and 435 are representative. Where the Senators will serve six years and the representatives will only serve two. â€Å"The judicial branch is made up of the Supreme Court, Lower Courts, Special Courts, and court support organizations.† (USA.gov) This branch is headed by the Supreme Court, the highest court, and only intervenes on issues of national importance. They also handle any questions that arise in the lower courts that concern the law. The Supreme Court interprets laws passed by Congress and is made up of the chief justice along with eight associate justices who are appointed by the President and than approved by Senate. A justice can serve in their position for life unless they retire. Although the U.S. follows the federal system there are three major types of government, Unitary, Federal, and Confederation. Confederations are less common however the type of government that will work best depends upon the country itself and what it needs. With a Unitary system the majority of the power lies within theShow MoreRelatedU.s. And Ireland Government Essay1782 Words   |  8 PagesU.S. and Ireland Government   Ã‚  Ã‚   The overall organization of the U.S. and Irish government has a lot of similarities but also has its differences. 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This affects all the citizens that log in, and post updates on a daily basis, when in actuality a piece of their privacy is being sent to the United States Government. The US government has a very powerful and watchful eye, within the borders of the nation and the rest of the world. Privacy issues are no obstacle for Big Brother (U.S. Govt.). PrivacyRead MoreGlobalization And U.s. Government2114 Words   |  9 PagesGlobalization and U.S. Government Globalization is a new term to describe social, cultural, and economic process. It is a process that describes the interaction between different social groups. Tomas L. Freidman (2005), an American journalist, columnist and author, he wrote a book called â€Å"The world is Flat†. In the article, he notices that there are three period of globalization. He named the first period of globalization the globalization 1 which lasted from 1942. In the globalization 1, only countriesRead MoreApple Inc. Vs. U.s. 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Substance Abuse Driving Under the Influence Free Essays

string(285) " with the National Association for Drug Court Professionals \(NADCP\) and the National Commission Against Drunk Driving \(NCADD\), the American Council on Alcoholism Program \(ACAP\) seeks to promote and establish courts that focus on alcoholism treatment for drunk driving offenders\." According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), 16,694 people died in 2004 in alcohol and drug related traffic collisions, representing 40% of all traffic related deaths in the United States. (â€Å"2004 Traffic Safety†¦ † 2005) In addition about half of the one million people injured in road accidents were also due to driving under the influence (DUI). These are startling statistics, which underscore the enormity of the problem posed by the vast number of people who drive while intoxicated. We will write a custom essay sample on Substance Abuse: Driving Under the Influence or any similar topic only for you Order Now Another point of concern regarding drunk driving or DUI is that repeat or hardcore offenders are the cause of a large proportion of traffic accidents with one out of eight intoxicated drivers in fatal crashes having had a prior DUI/DWI conviction within the past three years. (Pena, 2005) As a result, a number of programs have sprung up around the country seeking to rehabilitate the repeat DUI offenders through education, counseling, and treatment. The laws against DUI and rehab programs have resulted in a gradual but steady decline in fatalities from drunk driving since the 1980s. In this essay, I shall focus on such programs that seek to address the problem of DUI, particularly programs for the chronic and repeat offenders. The laws and penalties against driving while intoxicated have been made stricter in the US since the 1970s. The drinking age has also been uniformly raised to 21 years, while it was 18 in several states prior to the 1980s. 1 Currently, driving while intoxicated (DWI) or driving under the influence (DUI) is a criminal offense in most jurisdictions within the United States. The punishment for DUI includes jail terms, monetary fines, mandatory DUI programs, and confiscation of driver’s license for repeated offenders. Some states even treat DUI as a felony under certain circumstances such as the presence of a very high blood alcohol content (BAC), the severity of the accident caused by the drunk driver, or in cases where the driver is a repeat offender. (â€Å"Drunk Driving-United States† 2005) In case of alcohol consumption, most states laws have designated the legal limit of blood alcohol content (BAC) for drunk driving at 0. 08 (i. e. , 80 mg of alcohol in 100 ml of blood). In cases of driving under the influence of prescription medication or illicit drugs there is no â€Å"per se† or legal limit. Instead, in cases of driving under the influence of drugs other than alcohol, the key factor is whether the driver’s faculties were impaired by the substance that was consumed. Due to this reason, the detection and successful prosecution of drivers impaired by prescription medication or illegal drugs is difficult. Besides performing a chemical test (blood, urine, or breath analysis) in order to determine the BAC of the offender, a law enforcing officer may also administer a Field Sobriety Test (FST) on a suspect driver. There are certain standardized FSTs such as the â€Å"Walk and Turn† test, the â€Å"One-leg Stand† and â€Å"Horizontal Gaze Test,† which can reliably determine the level of impairment of an intoxicated driver. (Ibid. ) The Transportation Equity Act (TEA-21) enacted in 1998 encourages States to enact Repeat Intoxicated Driver laws providing for minimum penalty for repeat offenders such as: a)Suspension of driver’s license for not less than one year b)Impoundment, immobilization, or installation of ignition interlock system on vehicles )An assessment of the individual’s degree of abuse of alcohol and treatment as appropriate d)Not less than 30 days community service or 5 days of imprisonment for 2nd offense and not less than 60 days community service or 10 days of imprisonment for 3rd and subsequent offense. (â€Å"Minimum Penalties for Repeat offenders† n. d. ) As mentioned in the introduction, there are a number of DUI programs in the United States that seek to control the menace of drunk driving through education, counseling and treatment of the offenders. Some of these programs are described below: California’s Driving Under the Influence (DUI) Program: California was among the first states in the US (along with New York) to introduce laws pertaining to drunk driving. It has also introduced an effective DUI Program, which is governed by legislation enacted in 1978. The State has a system in place that determines the need for DUI program services, licenses DUI programs, establishes regulations, approves participant fees and fee schedules, and provides DUI information. A person convicted of a first DUI offense are required to complete a state-licensed three-month, 30-hour alcohol and drug education and counseling program. Drivers detected with a blood alcohol content of 0. 20 or higher must complete a state-licensed sixmonth, 45-hour alcohol and drug education and counseling program. These programs are designed to enable participants to consider attitudes and behavior, support positive lifestyle changes, and reduce or eliminate the use of alcohol and/or drugs. (â€Å"An Overview of California’s†¦ 2004) Repeat DUI offenders (second and subsequent DUI convictions) must complete an 18-month multiple offender program. Such programs provide 52 hours of group counseling; 12 hours of alcohol and drug education; 6 hours of community reentry monitoring; and biweekly individual interviews during the first 12 months of the program. A county in California may elect to provide 30-month DUI programs for third and subsequent DUI offenders, which provide longer periods of counselling, education, and community service, i. e. 78 hours of group counseling; 12 hours of alcohol and drug education; 120-300 hours of community service; and close and regular individual interviews. Presently, such services are available in Los Angeles and San Francisco Counties. (â€Å"An Overview of California’s†¦ † 2004) The California Association of Drinking Driver Treatment Programs (â€Å"CADDTP†) has been formed to help promote understanding of, and improve the role of the DUI programs in California. Most people agree that California’s DUI program network is â€Å"the most inclusive, structured, and complex† and its entire programs are self-supporting through fees paid by participants. They have caused DUI arrests and alcohol-related fatalities to decline steadily in the last two decades when it was introduced. (â€Å"California Association of Drinking Driver Treatment Programs† n. d. ) Drug Courts for DUI: An American Council on Alcoholism (ACA) Program: In collaboration with the National Association for Drug Court Professionals (NADCP) and the National Commission Against Drunk Driving (NCADD), the American Council on Alcoholism Program (ACAP) seeks to promote and establish courts that focus on alcoholism treatment for drunk driving offenders. You read "Substance Abuse: Driving Under the Influence" in category "Papers" This is because ACA believes that the root cause of the drunk driving problem is alcohol abuse and alcoholism and unless we address the root problem of alcoholism, we will not be able to solve the problem of drunk driving. The ACA also believes that traditional means of prevention have had little or no effect on â€Å"hard core† drunk drivers or repeat offenders; therefore it is working for the application of the highly successful drug courts model to cure hardcore drunk drivers of their alcoholism. Drug Court Programs have been found to be highly successful in rehabilitating repeat and hardcore DUI offenders. Recidivism rate in such programs is remarkably low (about 11% v 60% for most other programs). A unique feature of Drug Court is the direct involvement of the judge in the treatment process who remains in direct contact with the defendant and engages in frequent discussion of the progress. The frequent contact between the judge and the defendant creates a paternal-like relationship between them and the judge is able to give positive reinforcement, issue instant reprimands or order incarceration for up to 30 days as the situation demands. An example of a successful DUI Drug Court Program is the Butte County Revia Project started in 1996 for repeat drinking drivers. The key to this model of treatment is the use of ReVia (generic name: naltrexone) for weaning the repeat DUI offenders from their alcohol dependence. (â€Å"Butt County Revia Project,† 2003) The Century Council3 created The National Hardcore Drunk Driver Project in 1997 in order to coordinate efforts directed towards deterrence of hardcore drunk drivers who habitually drive while highly intoxicated. The Council’s main aim is to call attention to the serious nature of the crime of drunk driving and to provide the needed framework in order to close loopholes in existing laws and programs, enact needed legislation, and ensure that the responsible agencies and organizations work together effectively to address the problem. The Council stresses that successful DUI programs for repeat and hardcore offenders should be based on swift identification, certain punishment and effective treatment. It conducts research on DUI and has published a comprehensive source book on the topic, which provides up-to-date data to assist legislators, highway safety officials, law enforcement officers, judges, prosecutors, community activists, corrections personnel, and treatment professionals in developing programs to reduce hardcore drunk driving. (â€Å"National Hardcore Drunk Driver Project† 2003) There are a number of other organizations in the US as well as many other countries that are engaged in conducting programs for the treatment of chronic and repeat DUI offenders. These include the Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)-a support group of alcoholics that seeks to cure alcohol addicts from their addiction through a twelve-step process; the Al-Anon/ Al-Ateen Family Groups–a fellowship of relatives and friends of alcoholics who share their experience, strength, and hope, in order to solve their common problems. 4 The Al-Anon programs are based on the belief that alcoholism is a family illness, and that changed attitudes can aid recovery. Convicted DUI offenders can be sent to jail and fined, particularly in case of repeat offenders. Other alternatives to jail sentence, apart from the DUI Programs for rehabilitation that were discussed in the preceding paragraphs are: Electronic Monitoring (wearing of an ankle bracelet that monitors the whereabouts of the wearer); Work Release-the convicted person works at a place determined by the Probation Department and goes home to sleep; Work Furlough-an arrangement in which the participant keeps his job but returns to a dormitory style facility at night; and City Jail-operated by the local police where the participants spend the night but are released during the day. (â€Å"Jail Alternatives† 2005) Most DUI laws are aimed at deterring driving under the influence of alcohol and drugs. One way of deterring DUI offenses is by making policies and laws that change the drivers’ attitude towards DUI and by altering their perceptions of the likely consequences as a result of DUI behavior. (Greenburg et al, 2004). Such anti-DUI laws could be enacted and public information campaigns launched that enhance a driver’s perception of â€Å"the certainty, swiftness and severity of prosecution† for drunk-driving offenses, or by increasing awareness of the physical dangers associated with driving while intoxicated (Ibid. Some experts believe that the â€Å"moral component† of the laws is much more important than the â€Å"fear factor† of apprehension and punishment in the long-term control of drunk driving. This is mainly because the likelihood of detection for DUI offenders is very low or uncertain. According to a study quoted by Robin, â€Å"On any given outing, an intoxicated driver has less than a 1-in-1000 chance of being apprehended by the police. (Robin 1991) Tough laws against drunken driving have a moral aspect that gradually develop a culture in a society that is intolerant of DUI regardless of the perceived legal risks to the driver involved. Hence, DUI laws are more likely to achieve their objective of controlling drunk driving if we emphasize the morality of the law rather than expect the hardcore violators to be deterred by the fear of getting caught. Despite a steady decline in the number of accidents and fatalities due to driving under the influence (DUI) in the US since the 1980s, the numbers are still unacceptably high. It is even more alarming that a large proportion of these accidents are caused by repeat offenders or hard core drinkers. As discussed in this paper, measures taken to control DUI range from stricter punishment to rehabilitation programs aimed at changing the behavior of chronic DUI offenders. Some of these programs have contributed significantly in reducing DUI offenses. However, a sustained, coordinated, and long-term effort is required for further reduction in DUI cases. How to cite Substance Abuse: Driving Under the Influence, Papers Substance Abuse Driving Under the Influence Free Essays According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), 16,694 people died in 2004 in alcohol and drug related traffic collisions, representing 40% of all traffic related deaths in the United States. (â€Å"2004 Traffic Safety†¦Ã¢â‚¬  2005) In addition about half of the one million people injured in road accidents were also due to driving under the influence (DUI). These are startling statistics, which underscore the enormity of the problem posed by the vast number of people who drive while intoxicated. We will write a custom essay sample on Substance Abuse: Driving Under the Influence or any similar topic only for you Order Now Another point of concern regarding drunk driving or DUI is that repeat or hardcore offenders are the cause of a large proportion of traffic accidents with one out of eight intoxicated drivers in fatal crashes having had a prior DUI/DWI conviction within the past three years. (Pena, 2005) As a result, a number of programs have sprung up around the country seeking to rehabilitate the repeat DUI offenders through education, counseling, and treatment. The laws against DUI and rehab programs have resulted in a gradual but steady decline in fatalities from drunk driving since the 1980s. In this essay, I shall focus on such programs that seek to address the problem of DUI, particularly programs for the chronic and repeat offenders. The laws and penalties against driving while intoxicated have been made stricter in the US since the 1970s. The drinking age has also been uniformly raised to 21 years, while it was 18 in several states prior to the 1980s.1 Currently, driving while intoxicated (DWI) or driving under the influence (DUI) is a criminal offense in most jurisdictions within the United States.2 The punishment for DUI includes jail terms, monetary fines, mandatory DUI programs, and confiscation of driver’s license for repeated offenders. Some states even treat DUI as a felony under certain circumstances such as the presence of a very high blood alcohol content (BAC), the severity of the accident caused by the drunk driver, or in cases where the driver is a repeat offender. (â€Å"Drunk Driving-United States† 2005) In case of alcohol consumption, most states laws have designated the legal limit of blood alcohol content (BAC) for drunk driving at 0.08 (i.e., 80 mg of alcohol in 100 ml of blood). In cases of driving under the influence of prescription medication or illicit drugs there is no â€Å"per se† or legal limit. Instead, in cases of driving under the influence of drugs other than alcohol, the key factor is whether the driver’s faculties were impaired by the substance that was consumed. Due to this reason, the detection and successful prosecution of drivers impaired by prescription medication or illegal drugs is difficult. Besides performing a chemical test (blood, urine, or breath analysis) in order to determine the BAC of the offender, a law enforcing officer may also administer a Field Sobriety Test (FST) on a suspect driver. There are certain standardized FSTs such as the â€Å"Walk and Turn† test, the â€Å"One-leg Stand† and â€Å"Horizontal Gaze Test,† which can reliably determine the level of impairment of an intoxicated driver. (Ibid.) The Transportation Equity Act (TEA-21) enacted in 1998 encourages States to enact Repeat Intoxicated Driver laws providing for minimum penalty for repeat offenders such as: a)Suspension of driver’s license for not less than one year b)Impoundment, immobilization, or installation of ignition interlock system on vehicles c)An assessment of the individual’s degree of abuse of alcohol and treatment as appropriate d)Not less than 30 days community service or 5 days of imprisonment for 2nd offense and not less than 60 days community service or 10 days of imprisonment for 3rd and subsequent offense. (â€Å"Minimum Penalties for Repeat offenders† n.d.) As mentioned in the introduction, there are a number of DUI programs in the United States that seek to control the menace of drunk driving through education, counseling and treatment of the offenders. Some of these programs are described below: California’s Driving Under the Influence (DUI) Program: California was among the first states in the US (along with New York) to introduce laws pertaining to drunk driving. It has also introduced an effective DUI Program, which is governed by legislation enacted in 1978. The State has a system in place that determines the need for DUI program services, licenses DUI programs, establishes regulations, approves participant fees and fee schedules, and provides DUI information. A person convicted of a first DUI offense are required to complete a state-licensed three-month, 30-hour alcohol and drug education and counseling program. Drivers detected with a blood alcohol content of 0.20 or higher must complete a state-licensed sixmonth, 45-hour alcohol and drug education and counseling program. These programs are designed to enable participants to consider attitudes and behavior, support positive lifestyle changes, and reduce or eliminate the use of alcohol and/or drugs. (â€Å"An Overview of California’s†¦Ã¢â‚¬  2004) Repeat DUI offenders (second and subsequent DUI convictions) must complete an 18-month multiple offender program. Such programs provide 52 hours of group counseling; 12 hours of alcohol and drug education; 6 hours of community reentry monitoring; and biweekly individual interviews during the first 12 months of the program. A county in California may elect to provide 30-month DUI programs for third and subsequent DUI offenders, which provide longer periods of counselling, education, and community service, i.e., 78 hours of group counseling; 12 hours of alcohol and drug education; 120-300 hours of community service; and close and regular individual interviews. Presently, such services are available in Los Angeles and San Francisco Counties. (â€Å"An Overview of California’s†¦Ã¢â‚¬  2004) The California Association of Drinking Driver Treatment Programs (â€Å"CADDTP†) has been formed to help promote understanding of, and improve the role of the DUI programs in California. Most people agree that California’s DUI program network is â€Å"the most inclusive, structured, and complex† and its entire programs are self-supporting through fees paid by participants. They have caused DUI arrests and alcohol-related fatalities to decline steadily in the last two decades when it was introduced. (â€Å"California Association of Drinking Driver Treatment Programs† n.d.) Drug Courts for DUI: An American Council on Alcoholism (ACA) Program: In collaboration with the National Association for Drug Court Professionals (NADCP) and the National Commission Against Drunk Driving (NCADD), the American Council on Alcoholism Program (ACAP) seeks to promote and establish courts that focus on alcoholism treatment for drunk driving offenders. This is because ACA believes that the root cause of the drunk driving problem is alcohol abuse and alcoholism and unless we address the root problem of alcoholism, we will not be able to solve the problem of drunk driving. The ACA also believes that traditional means of prevention have had little or no effect on â€Å"hard core† drunk drivers or repeat offenders; therefore it is working for the application of the highly successful drug courts model to cure hardcore drunk drivers of their alcoholism. Drug Court Programs have been found to be highly successful in rehabilitating repeat and hardcore DUI offenders. Recidivism rate in such programs is remarkably low (about 11% v 60% for most other programs). A unique feature of Drug Court is the direct involvement of the judge in the treatment process who remains in direct contact with the defendant and engages in frequent discussion of the progress. The frequent contact between the judge and the defendant creates a paternal-like relationship between them and the judge is able to give positive reinforcement, issue instant reprimands or order incarceration for up to 30 days as the situation demands. (Kavanaugh, 2003). An example of a successful DUI Drug Court Program is the Butte County Revia Project started in 1996 for repeat drinking drivers. The key to this model of treatment is the use of ReVia (generic name: naltrexone) for weaning the repeat DUI offenders from their alcohol dependence. (â€Å"Butt County Revia Project,† 2003) The Century Council3 created The National Hardcore Drunk Driver Project in 1997 in order to coordinate efforts directed towards deterrence of hardcore drunk drivers who habitually drive while highly intoxicated. The Council’s main aim is to call attention to the serious nature of the crime of drunk driving and to provide the needed framework in order to close loopholes in existing laws and programs, enact needed legislation, and ensure that the responsible agencies and organizations work together effectively to address the problem. The Council stresses that successful DUI programs for repeat and hardcore offenders should be based on swift identification, certain punishment and effective treatment. It conducts research on DUI and has published a comprehensive source book on the topic, which provides up-to-date data to assist legislators, highway safety officials, law enforcement officers, judges, prosecutors, community activists, corrections personnel, and treatment professionals in developing programs to reduce hardcore drunk driving. (â€Å"National Hardcore Drunk Driver Project† 2003) There are a number of other organizations in the US as well as many other countries that are engaged in conducting programs for the treatment of chronic and repeat DUI offenders. These include the Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)-a support group of alcoholics that seeks to cure alcohol addicts from their addiction through a twelve-step process; the Al-Anon/ Al-Ateen Family Groups–a fellowship of relatives and friends of alcoholics who share their experience, strength, and hope, in order to solve their common problems.4 The Al-Anon programs are based on the belief that alcoholism is a family illness, and that changed attitudes can aid recovery. Convicted DUI offenders can be sent to jail and fined, particularly in case of repeat offenders. Other alternatives to jail sentence, apart from the DUI Programs for rehabilitation that were discussed in the preceding paragraphs are: Electronic Monitoring (wearing of an ankle bracelet that monitors the whereabouts of the wearer); Work Release-the convicted person works at a place determined by the Probation Department and goes home to sleep; Work Furlough-an arrangement in which the participant keeps his job but returns to a dormitory style facility at night; and City Jail-operated by the local police where the participants spend the night but are released during the day. (â€Å"Jail Alternatives† 2005) Most DUI laws are aimed at deterring driving under the influence of alcohol and drugs. One way of deterring DUI offenses is by making policies and laws that change the drivers’ attitude towards DUI and by altering their perceptions of the likely consequences as a result of DUI behavior. (Greenburg et al, 2004). Such anti-DUI laws could be enacted and public information campaigns launched that enhance a driver’s perception of â€Å"the certainty, swiftness and severity of prosecution† for drunk-driving offenses, or by increasing awareness of the physical dangers associated with driving while intoxicated (Ibid.) Some experts believe that the â€Å"moral component† of the laws is much more important than the â€Å"fear factor† of apprehension and punishment in the long-term control of drunk driving. This is mainly because the likelihood of detection for DUI offenders is very low or uncertain. According to a study quoted by Robin, â€Å"On any given outing, an intoxicated driver has less than a 1-in-1000 chance of being apprehended by the police.† (Robin 1991) Tough laws against drunken driving have a moral aspect that gradually develop a culture in a society that is intolerant of DUI regardless of the perceived legal risks to the driver involved. Hence, DUI laws are more likely to achieve their objective of controlling drunk driving if we emphasize the morality of the law rather than expect the hardcore violators to be deterred by the fear of getting caught. Despite a steady decline in the number of accidents and fatalities due to driving under the influence (DUI) in the US since the 1980s, the numbers are still unacceptably high. It is even more alarming that a large proportion of these accidents are caused by repeat offenders or hard core drinkers. As discussed in this paper, measures taken to control DUI range from stricter punishment to rehabilitation programs aimed at changing the behavior of chronic DUI offenders. Some of these programs have contributed significantly in reducing DUI offenses. However, a sustained, coordinated, and long-term effort is required for further reduction in DUI cases. How to cite Substance Abuse: Driving Under the Influence, Papers

Observation Of Tv Violence Essays - Buddy Films,

Observation Of Tv Violence Violence on Television In my experiment I will study the behavior of children before, during and after viewing a violent television program, specifically The Power Rangers. I will use the theories of Charles Horton Cooley, George Herbert Mead and Harold Wilensky to analyze the results according to their theories. Cooleys theory is that people shape the aspects of their identity so that it would fit what others would want. Therefore we would become the kind of person we believe others think we should be. Harold Wilensky said that the media produces a mass culture, in which people have similar culture, that people have similar cultural tastes and political values shaped by the media. This produces a mass of people with similar thoughts and feelings, which can be manipulated by the media. Mead believed that the self is a social product, acquired by observing and assimilating the identities of others. He believed that for identification and assimilation there is a need for communication. The communication is the interaction of language, culture, family, peers and with a new form of communication, media. For Mead, childhood play and games were important activities. These activities used the idea of role taking, the way we try to look at social situations from the standpoint of another person, and significant others, influential people in our lives. The theorist that I think is the best for my experiment is Mead. For my experiment my hypothesis will be that after viewing a violent television program children will act more aggressive than before. That the childrens play will change so that it would become more violent, so that it would be similar to the show that they had seen. In my experiment I observed two children 30 minutes before watching the Power Rangers 30 minutes during the show and 30 minutes after the show. The observation was done on the friends of my brother and the friends of my cousins. My first observation was on my brother and his friend on November 1, 1999. My brothers name is Sina, he was born here and is 7 years old, but his parents were born in Iran. He is half Muslim and half Jewish; neither of his parents are strictly religious. He has an older brother and sister. His friends name is Alex and he is also 7 years old, and born in Russia. His father lives in Russia and he lives with his mother, grandmother and aunt. Both his parents are Jewish and he has a twin brother, but no sisters. I started to observe Sina and Alex at 3:00 PM at my house, since I knew that they would watch Power Rangers at 3:30. At 3:00 they played with each other, first playing in the living room using their trucks and making roads for their cars to travel on. They would make bridges and they directed traffic as though one of them was a traffic officer. He would tell them when to go and when to stop and they would make the cars crash into each other so that the fire truck and the ambulanc e could come and rescue them. Then about 10 minutes later they went into my Sinas room, where he brought out his action figures. There were 2 Spiderman toys, 3 Power Ranger toys, 3 Batman toys, 2 Buzz Light-year toys (from the movie Toy Story) and 1 Ninja Turtle toy. They divided the toys up, taking turns in choosing the toys. First my brother, Sina, picked a Power Ranger toy, then another one, a Spiderman toy, a Batman toy and a Buzz Light-year toy. Alex got the other toys picked the toys that I did not mention. They lined up their toys so that they were facing their opponent and each of them grabbed two of their toys. They started to battle against each other and pretended that the toys were real and that they were either jumping really high or flying. Then they put one of their toys down and started to fight with only one toy each. They moved the arms and legs of their toys and each one would say that he had defeated the other ones toy. The other would complain and they

Free Essays on War On Terror

How does one expect to win a war on terrorism? Fighting terrorists is like fighting drug cartels. The terrorists have the advantage. They are small and maneuverable unlike the US, which is large and sluggish. We have so many rules and procedures for fighting wars by the time we are prepared to strike our intelligence will be obsolete. Our organizations are so mechanical with their rules and regulations, it makes us more susceptible to infiltration. The very freedoms we try to protect are what make the US such any easy target. The only way for George Bush to fight this war is the same way his father fought the Gulf War: Lots of air strikes. They are much more effective and run a lower risk of further American casualties. We have the money, and technology to use missiles so why not use them? Why should we put more Americans in danger? Possibly the worst mistake the United States can makes using ground troops. Have we learned anything from Vietnam? We can’t go into hostile terrain and territory with large armies trying to fight conventional warfare. Our forces would be picked off one by one by snipers and well-fortified bunkers. If the US should move in with ground troops, there should only be well planned tactical strikes that require few people and once in the field has no or limited contact with high command (Clark). This will protect both the men and the mission. The biggest problem I can foresee is the fact that we don’t really know who we are fighting. Even if we were to assassinate Bin Laden would that stop the al-Qaeda(bin Laden’s terrorist organization). Most cells of the al-Queada are completely autonomous. They raise their own funds and plan their own missions (Beyer, 59). Plus, there are fanatics that operate completely independently of large organizations. Can we stop them all? Because we are concern about civilian casualties, how do we strike the terrorists who live and operate in major cities? ... Free Essays on War On Terror Free Essays on War On Terror How does one expect to win a war on terrorism? Fighting terrorists is like fighting drug cartels. The terrorists have the advantage. They are small and maneuverable unlike the US, which is large and sluggish. We have so many rules and procedures for fighting wars by the time we are prepared to strike our intelligence will be obsolete. Our organizations are so mechanical with their rules and regulations, it makes us more susceptible to infiltration. The very freedoms we try to protect are what make the US such any easy target. The only way for George Bush to fight this war is the same way his father fought the Gulf War: Lots of air strikes. They are much more effective and run a lower risk of further American casualties. We have the money, and technology to use missiles so why not use them? Why should we put more Americans in danger? Possibly the worst mistake the United States can makes using ground troops. Have we learned anything from Vietnam? We can’t go into hostile terrain and territory with large armies trying to fight conventional warfare. Our forces would be picked off one by one by snipers and well-fortified bunkers. If the US should move in with ground troops, there should only be well planned tactical strikes that require few people and once in the field has no or limited contact with high command (Clark). This will protect both the men and the mission. The biggest problem I can foresee is the fact that we don’t really know who we are fighting. Even if we were to assassinate Bin Laden would that stop the al-Qaeda(bin Laden’s terrorist organization). Most cells of the al-Queada are completely autonomous. They raise their own funds and plan their own missions (Beyer, 59). Plus, there are fanatics that operate completely independently of large organizations. Can we stop them all? Because we are concern about civilian casualties, how do we strike the terrorists who live and operate in major cities? ...

A Universal Job Recommendation Letter Template

A Universal Job Recommendation Letter Template SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Are you tasked with writing a recommendation letter for someone and not sure where to start? While all letters should be uniquely customized to the candidate, most share a certain fixed structure. This guide will go over this structure piece by piece to help you through the writing process. Read on for a recommendation letter template that you can use to shape your recommendation letter. To begin, let’s review the purpose of reference letters for job seekers. What's the Purpose of Recommendation Letters? Hiring managers often ask for a recommendation letter or two from applicants to gain an outside perspective on their qualifications. Reference letters can confirm and complement a candidate’s story, as well as speak to specific skills and achievements. As a letter writer, you can give specific examples of the candidate’s long-term work and day-to-day behavior. Managers or coworkers are great sources to describe what it’s like to supervise or collaborate with the candidate. In its most basic role, a letter of recommendation confirms the candidate’s dates of employment and job responsibilities. The most memorable references, though, go beyond a statement of verification to paint a picture of the candidate. They stand as powerful statements of support as the hiring manager decides which applicant would best fill the prospective position. Writing a letter of recommendation can be a tall assignment, so I've broken down the process into steps. Read on to learn about the stages of the letter writing process. Step one is all about listening to what the candidate has to say. Writing a Letter of Recommendation in 4 Steps Below are four major steps of writing your recommendation letter: 1, learn about the job; 2, brainstorm ideas; 3, draft your letter; and 4, edit for clarity. Once you get to the drafting stage, you can use the descriptive template below to structure your letter. Your first step should be to speak with the candidate. Before putting pen to paper (or more realistically, fingers to keyboard), ask her to tell you more about the new job. Want to provide a strong recommendation for your employee, but don't have the time to craft the perfect letter? PrepScholar's new recommendation tool, SimpleRec, takes you from good intentions and a blank page to a fully written and formatted letter of recommendation in under 5 minutes. All you need to do is give us some simple pieces of information about your employee and your experience working with them, and we'll do the rest. Try out SimpleRec risk-free today: Step 1: Learn About the New Job Before starting to write your letter, you might meet with the candidate to gather all the important information and materials. Find out about the new job and its requirements. Get a copy of the candidate’s resume. Ask her if there are any particular qualities or skills she’d like you to emphasize to show she’d make a good fit with the new job. For example, let's pretend you’re writing a letter of recommendation for a member of your support team. If she’s moving and applying to a similar position, then you could focus in on her excellent customer service skills. If she’s applying to a position of leadership, though, then you might focus more on times when she showed managerial skills or maintained productive relationships with her coworkers. You also might mention the reason that the candidate’s applying elsewhere. If she’s moving out of state, then you could say this while adding that you’d retain or hire her again if you could. It’s not totally necessary, but touching on the reason for the application might present another opportunity to show support. Once you â€Å"have your assignment,† you can start to brainstorm ideas for your letter. What skills, qualities, or achievements should you highlight, and what specific examples can you include? Step 2: Brainstorm Ideas for Your Letter Once you have a sense of what your letter’s for, you can start brainstorming ideas. What comes to mind about the candidate? What skills or accomplishments could you highlight? In what ways has she fulfilled or even gone beyond her job responsibilities? Some qualities you couldconsider include flexibility, initiative, leadership, growth, collaboration, interpersonal skills, and/or ability to perform within a certain environment or culture. You can also think about specific professional skills, like writing, social media, programming, classroom management, technology, underwater basket weaving - whatever’s relevant to both the current job and the new one. Once you’ve brainstormed ideas, pick out the top two to three to highlight. As you’ll read below, your letter should contain two to three body paragraphs, each with a specific focus and supporting example. Before writing, you can brainstorm the main points you’ll make in your letter. Then, you can start to draft using the structure described below. Don't fear the blank page! The recommendation letter template below will give you all the writing guidance you need to draft your letter. Step 3: Draft Your Letter with this Template There’s something uniquely intimidating about a blank page. You’ve arrived at the moment of truth - actually writing your letter - but you’re not sure where to start. Luckily, recommendation letters, as varied as they can be, tend to follow a tried-and-true format. Your page doesn’t need to remain blank for long. First, you should add the contact information of the person who will be reading your letter. Write Out the Hiring Manager’s Contact Information To start your letter, you should add the hiring manager’s contact information lined up with the left margin at the top. This includes his/her name, position, company or organization, and company or organization’s address. For example, here’s the contact information from our first sample recommendation letter written by a direct manager for a full-time employee. Ms. Greta JohanssenSales ManagerStreambase Corp.66 Western BoulevardSanta Fe, New Mexico 87500 Ideally, you can address your letter to a specific person. Often, a candidate only needs to submit recommendation letters once she’s gone through the first phrase of the application process. She should provide you with this information so you can make your letter more personal. Rather than starting with a generic, "Dear Hiring Manager," strive to address your letter to a specific person, like"Dear Ms. Johanssen," "Dear Mr. Smith," or "Dear Dr. Jekyll." Easy enough, right? And you’re no longer dealing with that unforgiving blank page. Once you’ve added this information, you can start in on your introductory paragraph. Paragraph 1: The Introduction Your introductory paragraph might be three to four sentences. You should start with an enthusiastic opener, like I’m delighted to recommend Joe for the position of Dive Instructor with Rocktopus Dive Company. It’s my honor to provide this recommendation for Chelsea, with whom I co-taught Latin to kindergarten students for the past three years. It’s my great pleasure to recommend Alexandra for the position of Chief Engineer with the Rebel Alliance. There’s no need to explain the reason for your letter with a sentence like, â€Å"Joe asked me to write a recommendation letter for his application to the position of Dive Instructor.† The letter speaks for itself. Start out strong with a positive statement of support. Next, you should explain who you are and why you’re qualified to recommend the candidate. Were you her manager? Coworker? Collaborate on a project? Worked side by side in the same office space every day for three years? Qualify the nature of your relationship to show why your opinion holds weight. Here are a few examples for the second sentence of your introductory paragraph. I’ve gotten to know Joe well over the past three years both as an employee of my diving school and a close personal friend. As Chelsea’s co-teacher at Caesar’s After-School Republic, I planned lessons and taught classes with her Monday through Friday. As Alexandra’s Direct Manager for the past fiveyears, I spoke with her on a daily basis about the best ways to defend ourselves against the Galactic Empire. You may also give a brief description of the candidate, perhaps starting with a preview of the skills or qualities you plan to highlight in your letter. The following are a few examples of the kind of introductory evaluative statements you could make in the beginning of your letter: Joe is a skilled diver, a charismatic teacher, and the kind of level-headed person you’d want to have around in an emergency. Chelsea is a warm, creative, and dynamiclanguage teacher. Please allow me to give three examples of her instructional skills. Alexandra is an outstanding mechanical engineer with a stronggraspof technology and an effective style of communication. Once you’ve introduced yourself and the candidate, you can start in on the body paragraphs of your reference letter. The body paragraphs are like the fillings in a sandwich. How can you make them as tasty and substantial as possible? Paragraphs 1, 2, and (maybe) 3: Your Main Points Once you’ve written your introduction, you’ve arrived at the meat of your letter (or, if you’re a vegetarian, at the grilled eggplant layer of your letter). Most letters contain two to three body paragraphs of fourto sixsentences each. You might choose to write two in-depth paragraphs or three that are a little shorter. Each paragraph can focus on a skill or accomplishment and should contain a specific example.By specific example, I mean you should focus on a particular point in time when the candidate did something significant or memorable. Here are a few examples. Joe’s an expert diving teacher who supports his students holistically through the learning process. In addition to giving clear instruction, Joe helps newdivers manage their anxieties. A few weeks ago, one of his students felt panicky during her first open water dive. Joe showed patience and understanding, and ultimately, the student completed the dive. After the group came back in, she raved about Joe and the way he helped her conquer her fear. With his compassionate approach, Joe has empowered dozens of students to overcome their nerves and achieve their diving goals. Chelsea’s creativity and passion for the Latin language shinethrough in her approach to teaching. She brings the language to life with skits, costumes, posters, and visuals across every wall and tabletop. Last week, the students performed a skit for their parents about Pandora’s Box. Pandora, Prometheus, and Vulcan all made appearances in the excited cast. Chelsea’s classroom is a colorful ode to the ancient world where interactiveactivities and visual cues reinforce students’ language learning at every turn. Beyond improving our existing equipment, Alexandra also develops and tests new theoretical designs. Most recently, she developed a prototype for a starship engine that could run for 1.5 times longer than our current model before needing additional charge. This exciting project is just one example of Alexandra’s innovative and forward-thinking ideas. Between her creativity and engineering expertise, she has the potential to transform our fleet and shape the future of Alliance technology. Coming up with specific anecdotes can be tricky. If you're having trouble coming up with some, you might first consider the qualities you want to highlight. Some possible descriptors and phrases that could jog your thinking include, Creative problem solver Reliable Integrity Detail-oriented Articulate Clear communication Efficient Organized Ambitious Innovative Forward-thinking Sensitive Interpersonal skills Collaborative Leadership qualities Hard-working Dependableand trustworthy Take-charge personality Influential Supportive Thoughtful Kind Once you’ve chosen your points,think of a time that the candidate showed these qualities. What makes you think the employee has great interpersonal skills? Why does the word "initiative" come to mind? Why do you consider her to be an exceptional problem solver? Strive to incorporate a brief but illustrative example in each body paragraph. If your letter starts to resemble a list of vague adjectives, then it won’t paint a vivid picture in the eye of the reader. Another point to consider when drafting your body paragraphs is theorder in which youpresent your points. Remember that first step of learning about the prospective position and its requirements? This information comes in handy now, because you should order your paragraphs by putting the most relevant points at the beginning. Once you’ve drafted your body paragraphs, it’s smooth sailing to the end of your letter. You just need to add a conclusion and a signature, and you’ll be done with your first draft! Made it to the conclusion of your rec letter? Congratulations! It's smooth sailing from here on out. Conclusion and Signature The concluding paragraph, like the introduction, is pretty straightforward. You can think of the last paragraph of your letter as an opportunity to restate your support for the candidate. To give a couple of examples, your conclusion could start something like this: Joe has proven himself to be an outstanding dive instructor, and he has my highest recommendation. Chelsea has my wholehearted recommendation for the position of Head Latin Teacher with your school. In closing, I’d like to reiterate my unequivocal support for Alexandra and her application to theposition of Head Engineer. You might also add a sentence or two summarizing the content of your recommendation or adding a few more positive descriptors. Here are a few examples. Whether he’s training a new group in the classroom or calming a nervous student on her first open ocean dive, Joe has proven himself time and again to be an extremely capable instructor. Chelsea’s made a lasting impression with our students and is more than ready to take on the position of Head Instructor. Alexandra is a hard-working and talented engineer committed to our mission to restore the Republic. Finally, you should invite the reader to contact you with any questions or for any further information. You could also thank the reader for her time. Here are a couple ways to express this thought: Please don't hesitate to contact me for any further information. Thank you for your time. Please feel free to get in touch with any questions. Thanks very much. Then add a "Sincerely" (this is technically called the valediction) and your signature. You might print your name, position, phone number, and email beneath your signature. If this contact information’s already present in the header of your official letterhead, then you could alsochoose not to repeat it at the bottom. For instance, the end of your letter might look something like this: Sincerely, [Signature] Adrianna AureliusLatin Teacheraaurelius@caesarsschool.edu766-263-6747 Now that you’ve got a sense of the content of your recommendation letter, let’s go over a few pointers about format. A Few Tips on Formatting Your Letter Recommendation letters are typically one full page. Any shorter could look like you rushed or didn’t have many positive statements to make about the candidate. Much longer and your reader could lose interest. You want to create a full impression while still being concise. Most recommendation letters are lined up against the left margin. You might indent each paragraph, but it’s more common not to indent. As discussed above, introductory and concluding paragraphs are usually two to three sentences. Body paragraphs might be a little longer at four to six. You might choose to use bullet points with the body paragraphs if it clarifies your thinking, but this format is less common. The paragraphs themselves should be single-spaced with a double space in between each one. You could also put two full spaces between the hiring manager’s contact information at the top and the beginning of your letter, as well as extra space beneath your valedictionof, â€Å"Sincerely† to make space for your signature. While the wording may vary, your final letter should look something like thefinaltemplate below. Below you'll find the basic scaffolding for your recommendation letter. You can use this template to construct yourpolished final product. Drafting Your Recommendation Letter: Final Template While you'll have to fill in the details, the following offers a basicemployee recommendation letter template to guide your writing. Your Official Letterhead Hiring Manager's NamePositionCompanyStreet AddressCity, State, Zip Code Dear [Hiring Manager's Name], It's my great pleasure to recommend [name] for the position of [job title] with [company or organization]. I've worked with [name] as his/her [manager, coworker, etc.] for the past [number of years]. [Name of candidate] is [two to three descriptors], and I have no doubt that he/she would make an outstanding addition to your company/organization. Please allow me to give three examples of her qualifications. Body Paragraphs 1 - 3: [Name] stands out for his/her [quality]. Last week, for example, he/she [specific example]. He/she consistently [description of skills, accomplishments]. [Name] is uniquely qualified for the position of [new job], especially when it comes to [specific responsibilities of the new position].* *Present 2-3 main characteristics of the candidate in the body paragraphs, each with a specific example if possible. Put them in order of importance andrelevance to the prospective position. Usestrongly positive language, but try not to soundover the top. In closing, I'd like to restate my wholeheartedsupport for [name's] application to the position of [job title]. He/she is [most important qualities]. I have no doubt that she will continue to have great success with your company/organization. Please don't hesitate to contact me for any further information. Thank you for your time. Sincerely, [Signature] NamePositionEmailPhone Number While this structure works for most letters, there's also a lot of space for you to customize your letter to the individual,especially in the body paragraphs. In the end, your letter should be your own unique piece of writing. Once you’ve finished drafting, take some time to read over your letter and make any necessary revisions. Step 4: Edit for Clarity Your final letter should be clear, concise, and error-free. To cut down on unnecessary bulk, consider whether you can shave off unnecessary adjectives or adverbs. Watch out for wordiness, and try to tighten up your language overall. If you can express the same idea in fewer words, do so. Below is one example of editing for clarity. Too flowery: Chelsea is an energetic, exciting, and enthusiastic teacher who's truly dedicated to the well-being of her students and to the maintenance of an open, comfortable classroom environment conducive tolearning and exploration. Better: Chelsea is an energetic teacher dedicated to her students' well-being. She createsa classroom environment where students feel safeto explore. Beyond making your letter lean and precise, make sure it doesn’t have any errors of grammar and spelling. Through editing, you can make your letter a powerful endorsement and help the candidate get hired for the new job! As you edit, cut down on flowery language so your reader can get to the root of what you're saying. Final Thoughts About Writing a Letter of Recommendation In the end, your mission is to produce a stand-out letter of recommendation that will leave an impression with its reader. You’re aiming to endorse the candidate and prove that she would be successful in her next role. Your letter can complement the candidate’s story and give specific examples of her accomplishments. While recommendation letters should be unique to each candidate, they share a certain structure. Ensure that you use a proper format, address your letter to a specific person, and introduce who you are and how you know the candidate in your introduction. Choose a few points to make in your two to three body paragraphs, each of them supported with an anecdote from a particularpoint in time. Present the most relevant points first, so your reader can see right away why the candidate is qualified. Finally, conclude with a restatement of your support and an invitation for the hiring manager to contact you for any further information. Above all, choose your words with care so that you succeed in painting a strongly positive, while still realistic picture of the candidate. Your letter could go a long way in helping her get hired and ultimately, changing her day-to-day life! Want to provide a strong recommendation for your employee, but don't have the time to craft the perfect letter? PrepScholar's new recommendation tool, SimpleRec, takes you from good intentions and a blank page to a fully written and formatted letter of recommendation in under 5 minutes. All you need to do is give us some simple pieces of information about your employee and your experience working with them, and we'll do the rest. Try out SimpleRec risk-free today: What’s Next? Now that you have a recommendation template to work with, learn more about recommendation letters with our nine free samples! Check out this full guide with recommendation letter samples from managers, supervisors, and a colleague. Are you interested in recommendation letters for college? Check out this guide with four samples of teacher recommendation letters for high school students. You can also find three more written by school counselors. Interested in how a student recommendation letter is different from a job rec letter?This recommendation letter template will help you write a reference for a student.